{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T05:02:50Z","timestamp":1784091770878,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Pain assessment based on facial expressions has been described in foals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To extend previous pilot findings of the Equine Utrecht University Scale for Facial Assessment of Pain in Foals (EQUUS\u2010FAP FOAL).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study design<\/jats:title>\n Prospective blinded case\u2013control study (known groups analysis).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Video recordings (30\u201360\u2009s) of\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009100 foals (38 patients and 62 controls) were collected. Videos were randomised and scored by two observers, blinded for the condition of the animals. Inter\u2010 and intra\u2010observer agreement was tested by Intra Class Correlation (ICC) analysis. Differences between patients and controls were tested using Mann\u2013Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n test, differences before and after analgesic treatment were tested with Wilcoxon signed rank test. Multilevel binomial logistic regression was performed for statistical weighting of each pain scale item. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine sensitivity, specificity and cut\u2010off values.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n EQUUS\u2010FAP FOAL showed good inter\u2010 and intra\u2010observer reliability (ICC coefficient of 0.85 and 0.90 respectively,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). Patients had significantly higher pain scores (median score 7, IQR 5.3\u20137.5) compared with controls (median score 2.5, IQR 1\u20133,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001) and the patient pain scores decreased after analgesic treatment (median score 6.5, IQR 5\u20138 vs. median score 4.5, IQR 3.5\u20136.5,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). Multilevel binomial logistic regression showed the relative importance of the individual scale items. Using the original scale, sensitivity and specificity were 88.2% (95% CI 76%\u201396%) and 87.9% (81%\u201398%) respectively, with an area under the ROC curve of 94.9% (92%\u201398%), based on a cut\u2010off value of \u22654. These values remained similar with the weighted scale based on logistic regression output.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n Videos of included patients were short and acquired by a person in front of the stable.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The current study shows that EQUUS\u2010FAP FOAL can be effectively used to assess acute pain in young foals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T06:15:31Z","timestamp":1738217731000},"page":"1520-1530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Objective assessment of acute pain in foals using a facial expression\u2010based pain scale"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7828-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes P. A. M.","family":"van Loon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Sporthorse Medical Diagnostic Centre (SMDC) Heesch The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8522-5553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Henrique Esteves","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Artificial Intelligence in Health (LAAIH), Department of Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp) Botucatu S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo Ven\u00e2ncio","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Artificial Intelligence in Health (LAAIH), Department of Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp) Botucatu S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiska","family":"Keus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DAP Suylighem Zuilichem The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlijn","family":"Huberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DAP De Meierij Sint\u2010Oedenrode The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janny C.","family":"de Grauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Services Royal Veterinary College Hatfield Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliai","family":"Lanci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1002681"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20170921-03"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199912000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Development of a piglet grimace scale to evaluate piglet pain using facial expressions following castration and tail docking: a pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Viscardi AV","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030412"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2016.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051235"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10091610"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12040439"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7441.702"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12212940"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2023.106002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2023.106059"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48551-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(85)80005-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00110-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","unstructured":"R\u00e4\u00e4fA OlsenRS.The effect of meloxicam treatment after disbudding on pain\u2010related behaviours and weight gain in Danish Holstein Calves. 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