{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T15:09:47Z","timestamp":1793200187578,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Retrobulbar anaesthesia (RBA) is relevant for ocular surgery in standing sedated horses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n Gathering insights on experiences with RBA techniques.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Design<\/jats:title>\n Cross\u2010sectional survey.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n An online survey collected information on the respondents' professional background, indications, injection methods, use of ultrasound assistance, medication, and complications associated with RBA in horses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Two\u2010hundred and thirty\u2010eight veterinarians from 25 countries contributed. 86.1% were members of veterinary specialty colleges. RBA indications were enucleation (97.8%), corneal surgery (29.5%), eyelid surgery, paracentesis of the vitreous and anterior chamber, cataract surgery and vitrectomy (<10.0% each). The dorsal approach was most commonly used (88.8%), followed by the 4\u2010point (34.8%), lateral (8.9%), and modified Peterson blocks (2.2%). Ultrasound\u2010assisted needle positioning was used by 16.1%. Most commonly administered drugs were mepivacaine (67.4%), lidocaine (56.3%), and bupivacaine (37.9%). Complications included lack of anaesthesia (40.6%), exophthalmos (33.5%), chemosis (32.1%), and retrobulbar haemorrhage (22.8%). The choice of injection method and reported complications were significantly influenced by participants' professional backgrounds: as horse caseload percentage increased, dorsal injection use decreased (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.011, OR 0.981, 95% CI 0.967\u20130.996), injection\u2010related complications increased (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001, OR 1.015, 95% CI 1.006\u20131.024), and postoperative complications decreased (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001, OR 0.983, 95% CI 0.976\u20130.991). As ophthalmic case percentage increased, dorsal injection use increased (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.009, OR 1.022, 95% CI 1.006\u20131.039), 4\u2010point injection method decreased (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.044, OR 0.993, 95% CI: 0.986\u20131.000), injection\u2010related complications decreased (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001, OR 0.985, 95% CI 0.978\u20130.993), and postoperative complications increased (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001, OR 1.019, 95% CI 1.012\u20131.027).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Limitations<\/jats:title>\n Results may reflect selection and recall bias; complication prevalence was not assessed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Dorsal and 4\u2010point blocks are the most used, varying by participants' professional background. RBA causes mostly mild complications; severe ones are rare.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.70082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T08:09:49Z","timestamp":1755936589000},"page":"1091-1102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Global survey on the utilisation and experiences with different retrobulbar anaesthesia techniques in horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6380-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Lieberth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Ophthalmology, Centre for Veterinary Clinical Services School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Equine Clinic, Veterinary Hospital School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4585-6916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Thieme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Ophthalmology, Centre for Veterinary Clinical Services School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2405-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Dancker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valera Small Animal Clinic Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8688-2926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roswitha","family":"Merle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1385-1720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna Corinna","family":"Eule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Ophthalmology, Centre for Veterinary Clinical Services School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421375.ch17"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092549"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.252.9.1113"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119782285.ch3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119047919.ch1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2012.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1986.tb00189.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2008.00382.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2013.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","unstructured":"TownsendWM.How to perform a standing enucleation. 2013. In: Proceedings of the 59th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. p. 187\u201390. Available from:https:\/\/aaep.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Proceedings-59th-Annual-Convention-2013.pdf. Accessed 15 Dec 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000393"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2012.00780.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2021.22.e22"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13053"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-48420-6.00077-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","volume-title":"Equine ophthalmology","author":"Gilger BC","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13351"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2012.01053.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","first-page":"512","article-title":"Standing enucleation in the horse: a report of 5 cases","volume":"48","author":"Hewes CA","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","unstructured":"GilgerBC DavidsonMG.How to prepare for ocular surgery in the standing horse. 2002. In: Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners. p. 266\u201371. Available from:https:\/\/www.ivis.org\/sites\/default\/files\/library\/aaep\/2002\/910102000266.PDF. Accessed 15 Dec 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12061"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.02.0121"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2009.09.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FreyH\u2010H L\u00f6scherW.Spezielle Pharmakologie: 5 Lokalan\u00e4sthetika in Lehrbuch der Pharmakologie und Toxikologie fur die Veterinarmedizin. 2016 Enke. Stuttgart.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/b-0036-138195","DOI":"10.1055\/b-0036-138195"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119801368"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1623942"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12757"}],"container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/evj.70082","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/evj.70082","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/evj.70082","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T08:29:14Z","timestamp":1780907354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/evj.70082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/evj.70082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/evj.70082","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70082\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70082\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70082\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70082\/v4\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70082\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70082\/v4\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70082\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70082\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0425-1644","2042-3306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0425-1644","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-3306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}