{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T20:56:07Z","timestamp":1773003367603,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To date, relationships between pre\u2010covering endometrial swab cytology and bacteriology and fertility outcomes in Thoroughbred broodmares in the United Kingdom are unknown and could aid clinical decision making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate associations between cytology and bacteriology findings from the last endometrial swab taken in the breeding season (15 February to 15 July) and live\u2010foal rates (predicted mean probability of producing a live foal) in UK Thoroughbred broodmares.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Endometrial cytology and bacteriology findings were extracted from laboratory records for all last\u2010swabs submitted between 2014 and 2020. Mares' status, age and foaling outcome were collected from publicly available data sources. Live\u2010foal rates were estimated for reported categories of cytology and bacteriology findings using a multivariable logistic regression model with mare and farm fitted as random effects, while adjusting for mares' age, status, number of previous swabs submitted in that season and any interactions. Pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction evaluated between\u2010category live\u2010foal rate differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data were available from 7691 last swabs from 3579 mares on 196 farms. In contrast to other categories of isolate, mares with a profuse growth of\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      had significantly lower (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005) live\u2010foal rates (59.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 43.7\u201374.5) compared to those with no growth (80.9%; 95% CI 79.2\u201382.6). There was interaction between mares' age and cytology. In mares &gt;12\u2009years, significant reductions in live\u2010foal rates (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05 in pairwise comparisons) were observed between mares with &gt;30% polymorphonuclear: endometrial cells\/high power field at cytological examination and mares with \u22640.5% PMN, a finding absent in mares \u226412\u2009years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of unguarded swabs and absence of clinical information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results highlight complexities to consider when interpreting endometrial swab cytology findings and a subset of mares with a profuse growth of\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      in which knowledge gaps exist around the aetiologies underlying their poorer fertility outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.70086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T07:45:12Z","timestamp":1756712712000},"page":"348-358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations between endometrial swab bacteriology and cytology findings and live foal rates in Thoroughbred broodmares in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Billy","family":"Fehin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rossdales Veterinary Surgeons Beaufort Cottage Stables  Suffolk UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9424-318X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla J.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rossdales Veterinary Surgeons Beaufort Cottage Stables  Suffolk UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3395-8410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Arango\u2010Sabogal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de pathologie et microbiologie Facult\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Saint\u2010Hyacinthe Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences The Royal Veterinary College, University of London  Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"de Mestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9850-7878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Mouncey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences The Royal Veterinary College, University of London  Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"Horserace Betting Levy Board.International Codes of Practice. 2024. 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