{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T20:55:58Z","timestamp":1773003358134,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001655","name":"Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Rhodococcus equi<\/jats:italic>\n causes pneumonia in young foals, but disease susceptibility and severity vary. Cortisol and vitamin D modulate immune responses and cytokine production during bacterial infection, and altered concentrations are associated with sepsis in neonatal foals. We hypothesised an age and disease effect on circulating steroid hormone concentrations in foals, and that differences in cytokines and steroid hormone concentrations would predict disease severity in pneumonic foals.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n To investigate circulating concentrations of various cytokines, cortisol and vitamin D as predictors of individual disease severity in\n R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n foals.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Design<\/jats:title>\n Prospective cohort.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Blood samples were collected from 200 initially healthy foals on a pneumonia\u2010endemic breeding farm after birth and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 20\u2009weeks of age. Health status was tracked weekly. At weaning (20\u2009weeks), foals were divided into three health groups: (1) foals that remained healthy, (2) foals that developed subclinical, self\u2010resolving pneumonia and (3) foals that developed clinically apparent pneumonia necessitating antimicrobial treatment. Foals were randomly selected (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200930\/group) for cortisol, vitamin D and cytokine (TNF\u03b1, IL\u20104, IL\u201010, IL\u201017 and interferon\u2010gamma [IFN\u2010\u03b3]) analysis using validated assays.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n We observed disease\u2010associated differences for IFN\u2010\u03b3 at 4\u2009weeks (\n \u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200913.91; df\u2009=\u20092;\n p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n \u20090.001) and 20\u2009weeks (\n \u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200910.0; df\u2009=\u20092;\n p\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n \u20090.007) and age\u2010associated differences for cortisol, vitamin D and other cytokines (\n p\u2009<<\/jats:italic>\n \u20090.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Limitations<\/jats:title>\n Causative agent not identified, frequency and timing of sample collection may have impacted results, and systemic cytokine concentrations may not accurately reflect cytokine availability and activity at the tissue level.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Periodic measurement of circulating steroid hormones and cytokines from birth to weaning was not predictive of pneumonia susceptibility and severity in foals on a farm with endemic pneumonia. Disease\u2010associated IFN\u2010\u03b3 differences warrant further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.70093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T08:22:55Z","timestamp":1757406175000},"page":"359-371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The potential value of cytokine, cortisol and vitamin D profiles in foals from birth to weaning for respiratory disease prediction on a farm endemic for\n \n Rhodococcus equi<\/i>\n <\/scp>\n pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5567-7428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Londa J.","family":"Berghaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1062-9406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Venner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic Destedt Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Helbig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation Hanover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorothea","family":"Hildebrandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation Hanover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4331-6470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00804.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.213.04.510"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00835.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1394"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","first-page":"xix, 868","volume-title":"Janeway's immunobiology","author":"Murphy K","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.8.3037-3041.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.6.1456"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(03)00021-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13567"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82049-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5041-5047.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.5.1848-1854.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2014.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2022.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.00271.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0667.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127684"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0323.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13219"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12030"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","first-page":"208","article-title":"Clearance of virulent but not avirulent Rhodococcus equi from the lungs of adult horses is associated with intracytoplasmic gamma interferon production by CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes","volume":"10","author":"Hines SA","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.10.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2023.110707"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2017.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2018.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00368462"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879700900307"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2005.03.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.11.1236"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2023.110593"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14480"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","first-page":"345","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G subisotype responses of pneumonic and healthy, exposed foals and adult horses to Rhodococcus equi virulence\u2010associated proteins","volume":"10","author":"Hooper\u2010McGrevy KE","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00328-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1999.00657.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2017.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00042-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110099"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(00)00149-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.840610"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31821b502b"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1333"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2016.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02951.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.1.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15513815.2018.1509407"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070651"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2008.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810375240"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","first-page":"116","volume-title":"Veterinary School of Hanover","author":"Lammer M","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","unstructured":"WeimarB.Lung abscesses in Foals: Evaluation of Clinical Ultrasonic Endoscopial Pathomorphological and Microbiological Findings. In Veterinary School of Hanover. Hanover University. p. 157.2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GoebelB FreiseF VennerM.Microbiological findings in tracheobronchial mucus samples and in the feces of foals with pneumonia at Pferdeheilkunde.2023;39(1):37\u201342.","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20230104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1356540"}],"container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/evj.70093","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/evj.70093","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/evj.70093","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T18:18:07Z","timestamp":1772993887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/evj.70093"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/evj.70093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/evj.70093","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70093\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70093\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70093\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70093\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70093\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70093\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70093\/v3\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70093\/v4\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70093\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70093\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70093\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.70093\/v4\/response1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0425-1644","2042-3306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0425-1644","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-3306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}