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Untargeted metabolomics was performed to study the associated metabolites in the placenta.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The most abundant microbial transcripts belonged to\n                      <jats:italic>Amycolatopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Crossiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Lentzea<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Bacterial gene expression in NP\u2010affected placentas was enriched in pathways related to ribosomal activity and metabolic processes involving amino acid, carbohydrate, and glycosphingolipid metabolism. Concurrently, placental transcripts demonstrated significant upregulation of inflammatory pathways and downregulation of pathways associated with blood vessel formation. Untargeted metabolomics highlighted an elevated abundance of metabolites such as beta\u2010D\u2010fucose, nervonic acid, and zymostenol in the placentitis samples. Significant correlations were found between microbial genes (\n                      <jats:italic>mraW<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>rlmB<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>amy<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>afuA<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>cysC<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and host inflammation genes (\n                      <jats:italic>CXCL14<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>IL15RA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>TASL<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>IFIH1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Additionally, elevated beta\u2010D\u2010fucose, a microbe\u2010specific metabolite, showed a strong correlation with microbial genes involved in stress\u2010adaptive metabolism and DNA repair (\n                      <jats:italic>ydhP<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>ybgC<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>serC<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>puuE<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>radA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). The bacterial enzymes involved in beta\u2010D\u2010fucose were notably upregulated and predominantly expressed by\n                      <jats:italic>Amycolatopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Lentzea<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Classification based on RNA abundance limited the number of\n                      <jats:italic>Crossiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      cases (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both nocardioform and non\u2010nocardioform bacteria are involved in NP\u2010diagnosed cases, challenging the current generalisation of the term \u2018nocardioform placentitis\u2019 and supporting the need to broaden diagnostic protocols for mucoid placentitis. Multi\u2010omics profiling revealed potential host\u2013microbe interactions mediated by microbial metabolites, offering mechanistic insights and opportunities for improved diagnostic strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.70112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T07:57:11Z","timestamp":1763539031000},"page":"601-618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Beyond nocardioform: Transcriptionally active microbes and host responses in equine mucoid placentitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Machteld","family":"van Heule","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis  Davis California USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University  Merelbeke 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