{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T09:33:32Z","timestamp":1786527212905,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Flexion tests are commonly used in equine locomotion examinations to identify underlying locomotor issues, yet their neuromuscular effects remain poorly understood. Response variability raises concerns about their clinical value in lameness assessments and pre\u2010purchase evaluations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primarily, to investigate the effect of full\u2010limb flexion tests on static (flexed position) and dynamic (subsequent trot\u2010up) muscle activity. Secondarily, to assess their effect on locomotion asymmetry during trotting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vivo experiments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixteen warmblood horses were randomly assigned to one of four groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094) for surface electromyography of selected limbs. Forelimb region muscles included Splenius muscle, Triceps brachii caput longus muscle, Longissimus dorsi muscle, Extensor digitorum communis muscle, and Ulnaris lateralis muscle, while hindlimb region muscles included Gluteus medius muscle, Biceps femoris muscle, Semitendinosus muscle, Extensor digitorum longus muscle, and Flexor digitorum profundus muscle. Electromyographic data were side\u2010normalised, and kinematic data from inertial measurement units assessed asymmetry in head, withers, and pelvis. Each limb underwent a 60\u2010s full\u2010limb flexion test, followed by straight\u2010line trotting. Muscle activity in static and dynamic phases was compared to baseline using one\u2010way repeated measures ANOVA, and two\u2010way repeated measures ANOVA with statistical parametric mapping, respectively. Kinematic variables were compared using a linear mixed\u2010effect model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No significant differences in normalised muscle activity were observed in fore\u2010 or hindlimb region muscles during flexion or subsequent trotting. However, pelvic displacement increased during the suspension phase of the ipsilateral limb, with significant vertical displacement (MaxDiff) after left (8.4\u2009mm\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4 SE [standard error],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and right (8.1\u2009mm\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4 SE,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004) hindlimb flexion test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Only full\u2010limb flexion tests were investigated, limiting generalisability to distal or carpal\/tarsal tests. Flexion force was not standardised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found no evidence that flexion tests affect equine neuromuscular functioning in the muscles we investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.70130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T04:34:41Z","timestamp":1764736481000},"page":"1505-1517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of full\u2010limb flexion tests on static and dynamic muscle activity and locomotion asymmetry in owner\u2010sound horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6556-5220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijke","family":"Jonkhart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8514-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe M.","family":"Serra Bragan\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Sleip AI  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9269-9634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ineke H.","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3622-8571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harold","family":"Brommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0878-3946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jozef J. M.","family":"Suskens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of forelimb flexion tests in practice: clinical response, radiographic correlations, and predictive value for future lameness","volume":"43","author":"Ramey DW","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am Assoc Equine Practnrs"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14061"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2018.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-6069-7.00008-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00474.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12084"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308061"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00075.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00611.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00576.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13906"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.989522"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1358986"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13030390"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2024.102884"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2018.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73215-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2010.527837"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2013.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/cep190028"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12844"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13947"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icae095"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.141.18.463"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.141.17.435"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2001.00373.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12374"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176253"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2004.11.001"}],"container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/evj.70130","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/evj.70130","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/evj.70130","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T05:12:13Z","timestamp":1786079533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/evj.70130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/evj.70130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/evj.70130","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0425-1644","2042-3306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0425-1644","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-3306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}