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They provide a rare opportunity to understand the role of spatial structuring in speciation. Here, we simulate the evolution of ring species assuming that individuals become sexually isolated if the genetic distance between them is above a certain threshold. The model incorporates two forms of dispersal limitation: exogenous geographic barriers that limit the population range and endogenous barriers that result in genetic structuring within the population range. As expected, species' properties that reduce gene flow within the population range facilitate the evolution of reproductive isolation and ring species formation. However, if populations are confined to narrow ranges by geographic barriers, ring species formation increases when local mating is less spatially restricted. Ring species are most likely to form if a population expands while confined to a quasi-unidimensional range but preserving high mobility in the direction of the range expansion. These conditions are unlikely to be met or persist in real populations and may explain why ring species are rare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]],"date-time":"2016-11-16T11:02:21Z","timestamp":1479294141000},"page":"442-448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Barriers to gene flow and ring species formation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Ayana","family":"de Brito Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Depto. de F\u00edsica da Mat\u00e9ria Condensada, Inst. de F\u00edsica \u201cGleb Wataghin\u201d Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas SP Brazil"},{"name":"Depto. de Ecologia, Inst. de Bioci\u00eancias Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology D\u00fcbendorf ZH Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus Aloizio Martinez","family":"de Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depto. de F\u00edsica da Mat\u00e9ria Condensada, Inst. de F\u00edsica \u201cGleb Wataghin\u201d Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041420254022900_evo13121-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08168","article-title":"Global patterns of speciation and diversity","volume":"460","author":"de Aguiar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026041420254022900_evo13121-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13285","article-title":"Genomic divergence in a ring species complex","volume":"511","author":"Alcaide","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026041420254022900_evo13121-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2010.03.017","article-title":"Evolution and instability in ring species complexes: an in silico approach to the study of speciation","volume":"264","author":"Ashlock","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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