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Simultaneously, both affected patients and the physicians who take care of them are increasingly frustrated that there is still no fully satisfactory treatment. Much of this frustration results from the fact that the pathobiology of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> remains unclear, and no single <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> pathogenesis concept can claim to be universally accepted. In fact, some investigators still harbour doubts whether this even is an autoimmune disease, and the relative importance of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content> cells and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NKGD<\/jats:styled-content>2<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NK<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NKT<\/jats:styled-content> cells and the exact role of genetic factors in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> pathogenesis remain bones of contention. Also, is <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> one disease, a spectrum of distinct disease entities or only a response pattern of normal hair follicles to immunologically mediated damage? During the past decade, substantial progress has been made in basic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010related research, in the development of new models for translationally relevant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> research and in the identification of new therapeutic agents and targets for future <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> management. This calls for a re\u2010evaluation and public debate of currently prevalent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> pathobiology concepts. The present Controversies feature takes on this challenge, hoping to attract more skin biologists, immunologists and professional autoimmunity experts to this biologically fascinating and clinically important model disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,16]],"date-time":"2013-08-16T10:50:56Z","timestamp":1376650256000},"page":"609-626","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["What causes alopecia areata?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"K. 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