{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T10:49:07Z","timestamp":1791888547591,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]],"date-time":"2014-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most cutaneous wounds heal with scar formation. Ideally, an inconspicuous normotrophic scar is formed, but an abnormal scar (hypertrophic scar or keloid) can also develop. A major challenge to scientists and physicians is to prevent adverse scar formation after severe trauma (e.g. burn injury) and understand why some individuals will form adverse scars even after relatively minor injury. Currently, many different models exist to study scar formation, ranging from simple monolayer cell culture to 3D tissue\u2010engineered models even to humanized mouse models. Currently, these high\u2010\/medium\u2010throughput test models avoid the main questions referring to why an adverse scar forms instead of a normotrophic scar and what causes a hypertrophic scar to form rather than a keloid scar and also, how is the genetic predisposition of the individual and the immune system involved. This information is essential if we are to identify new drug targets and develop optimal strategies in the future to prevent adverse scar formation. This viewpoint review summarizes the progress on <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and animal scar models, stresses the limitations in the current models and identifies the future challenges if scar\u2010free healing is to be achieved in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,21]],"date-time":"2014-04-21T08:34:44Z","timestamp":1398069284000},"page":"382-386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Human hypertrophic and keloid scar models: principles, limitations and future challenges from a tissue engineering perspective"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Lenie J.","family":"van den Broek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Research Institute MOVE Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace C.","family":"Limandjaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Research Institute MOVE Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank B.","family":"Niessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute MOVE Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Research Institute MOVE Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Oral Cell Biology Academic Center for Dentistry (ACTA) Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"253","volume":"80","author":"Juckett G","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199910000-00031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2009.00153"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"336","volume":"34","author":"Kose O","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dermatol 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