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However, recent clinical and experimental studies have provided insights into the pathomechanisms of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and revealed that it is an organ\u2010specific and cell\u2010mediated autoimmune disease. Some triggers, such as viral infections, trauma, hormones and emotional\/physical stressors, may cause activation of autoreactive T cells that target hair follicle (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) autoantigens. In these immunological responses, cytokines and chemokines are regarded as key players that mediate the autoimmune inflammation. This results in the collapse of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    immune privilege, which is central to the pathogenesis of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . This essay will focus on how cytokines and chemokines contribute to the immunological aspects of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . The management of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    often remains difficult in a number of cases. Our review suggests that novel therapies for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    may involve targeting cytokines and chemokines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,11]],"date-time":"2014-07-11T03:41:04Z","timestamp":1405050064000},"page":"787-791","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["The role of cytokines and chemokines in the T\u2010cell\u2010mediated autoimmune process in alopecia areata"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Taisuke","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiki","family":"Tokura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu 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