{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T15:17:20Z","timestamp":1789917440053,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,30]],"date-time":"2017-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current gold standard lower extremity cutaneous wound management is not always effective. Cutaneous wounds generate a \u201ccurrent of injury\u201d which is directly involved in wound healing processes. Application of exogenous electrical stimulation has been hypothesised to imitate the natural electric current that occurs in cutaneous wounds. The aim of this extensive review was to provide a detailed update on the variety of electrical stimulation modalities used in the management of lower extremity wounds. Several different waveforms and delivery methods of electrical stimulation have been used. Pulsed current appears superior to other electrical modalities available. The majority of studies support the beneficial effects of pulsed current over conservative management of lower extremity cutaneous wounds. Although it appears to have no benefit over causal surgical intervention, it is a treatment option which could be utilised in those patients unsuitable for surgery. Other waveforms and modalities appear promising; however, they still lack large trial data to recommend a firm conclusion with regards to their use. Current studies also vary in quantity, quality and protocol across the different modalities. The ideal electrical stimulation device needs to be non\u2010invasive, portable and cost\u2010effective and provides minimal interference with patients\u2019 daily life. Further studies are necessary to establish the ideal electrical stimulation modality, parameters, method of delivery and duration of treatment. The development and implementation of newer devices in the management of acute and chronic wounds provides an exciting direction in the field of electrotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T13:25:37Z","timestamp":1472563537000},"page":"171-178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["The efficacy of electrical stimulation in lower extremity cutaneous wound healing: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Ashrafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Research Centre for Dermatological Research Institute of Inflammation and Repair University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Alonso\u2010Rasgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Group School of Materials University of 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