{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:23:08Z","timestamp":1790662988293,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,9]],"date-time":"2017-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI\u2010101175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI\u2010101175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Little is known about the immunomodulation by tick saliva during a natural tick bite in human skin, the site of the tick\u2010host interaction. We examined the expression of chemokines, cytokines and leucocyte markers on the mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels and histopathologic changes in human skin biopsies of tick bites (n=37) compared to unaffected skin (n=9). Early tick\u2010bite skin lesions (<24\u00a0hours of tick attachment) were characterized by a predominance of macrophages and dendritic cells, elevated mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels of macrophage chemoattractants (CCL<\/jats:styled-content>2, CCL<\/jats:styled-content>3, CCL<\/jats:styled-content>4) and neutrophil chemoattractants (CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>1, CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>8), of the pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u03b2, and the anti\u2010inflammatory cytokine, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20105. In contrast, the numbers of lymphocytes and mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels of lymphocyte cell markers (CD<\/jats:styled-content>4, CD<\/jats:styled-content>8, CD<\/jats:styled-content>19), lymphocyte chemoattractants (CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>9, CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>10, CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>11, CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>13, CCL<\/jats:styled-content>1, CCL<\/jats:styled-content>22), dendritic cell chemoattractants (CCL<\/jats:styled-content>20), and other pro\u2010 (IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20106, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201012p40, IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3, TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b1) and anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines (IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104, IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010, TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b2) did not differ from normal skin. With longer tick attachment (>24\u00a0hours), the numbers of innate immune cells and mediators (not significantly) declined, whereas the numbers of lymphocytes (not significantly) increased. Natural tick bites by Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic> ticks initially elicit a strong local innate immune response in human skin. Beyond 24\u00a0hours of tick attachment, this response usually becomes less, perhaps because of immunomodulation by tick saliva.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,13]],"date-time":"2016-09-13T15:24:19Z","timestamp":1473780259000},"page":"263-269","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Characterization of the early local immune response to Ixodes ricinus<\/i> tick bites in human skin"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Glatz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases Harvard Medical School Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Allergy Unit Department of Dermatology University and University Hospital of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Means","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases Harvard Medical School Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen C.","family":"Steere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases Harvard Medical School Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert R.","family":"M\u00fcllegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology State Hospital Wiener Neustadt Wiener Neustadt Austria"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"w13725","volume":"143","author":"Altpeter E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Swiss Med. 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