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Binding of autoantibodies to their targets leads to the formation of blisters and erosions in patients.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s comprise eight disorders for which the molecular target antigens have been identified. First, we review the available in vitro and ex vivo models for analysis of distinct aspects of the pathogenesis of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s. This includes the binding of autoantibodies to skin sections, the analysis of blister formation capability and skin complement activation as well as investigation of neutrophil and keratinocyte activation. In addition to this, several animal models of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    have been developed during the last decades. These animal models have greatly contributed to our current understanding of the pathogenesis of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s. We summarize spontaneously arising\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    in animals and the induction of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    by transfer of (auto)antibodies, transfer of (auto)\u2010antigen\u2010specific lymphocytes and by immunization. In combined use, these models allow dissecting all aspects of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    pathogenesis, for example loss of tolerance, autoantibody production and inflammatory skin processes that lead to blister formation. Overall, we aimed to foster translational biomedical research, to deepen our understanding of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    pathogenesis and to develop novel treatments for patients suffering from these life\u2010threatening and difficult\u2010to\u2010treat autoimmune diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,20]],"date-time":"2017-08-20T06:26:40Z","timestamp":1503210400000},"page":"1163-1170","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["In vitro and in vivo models to investigate the pathomechanisms and novel treatments for pemphigoid diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3855-6683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Bieber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"L\u00fcbeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology University of L\u00fcbeck L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Koga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Kurume University School of Medicine Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Nishie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.Has Exp. 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