{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T08:54:00Z","timestamp":1770454440183,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15K10941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K10941"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16K10128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K10128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The skin microbiome influences skin pathophysiology. Palmoplantar pustulosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPP<\/jats:styled-content>) is a chronic skin disease characterized by infectious\u2010like pustules on the palms and soles. These pustules are thought to be sterile because bacterial cultures obtained from the pustules are negative. However, culture methods are limited in their ability to identify all bacteria on the skin. We hypothesized that the \u201csterile\u201d pustules of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPP<\/jats:styled-content> do not lack bacteria, but rather contain a microbiome. To test this hypothesis, we identified bacteria in \u201csterile\u201d pustules using non\u2010culture methods. We conducted Sanger and 16S <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rRNA<\/jats:styled-content> sequencing using primers specific to the V1\u2010V2 region in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010pustulovesicles (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PV<\/jats:styled-content>s) (n\u00a0=\u00a043) and pompholyx vesicle fluids (n\u00a0=\u00a015). Sanger sequencing identified some <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Propionibacterium<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pyrinomonas<\/jats:italic> species in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PV<\/jats:styled-content>s but failed to identify any bacteria in most of the pompholyx vesicles. 16S <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rRNA<\/jats:styled-content> sequencing of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PV<\/jats:styled-content>s indicated the presence of a microbiome that included various phyla, including Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, smokers had higher levels of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PV<\/jats:styled-content>s compared with non\u2010smokers. These results indicate that a microbiome exists in \u201csterile\u201d pustules of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPP<\/jats:styled-content> and that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPP<\/jats:styled-content> smokers had higher levels of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> in pustules. It is therefore necessary to reconsider the pathogenesis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPP<\/jats:styled-content> from the perspective of the microbiome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]],"date-time":"2018-10-05T15:21:17Z","timestamp":1538752877000},"page":"1372-1377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The microbiome of the \u201csterile\u201d pustules in palmoplantar pustulosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Kana","family":"Masuda\u2010Kuroki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine  Shitsukawa Toon City Ehime 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