{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:47:59Z","timestamp":1791946079024,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Photobiomodulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBM<\/jats:styled-content>) therapy is based on the exposure of biological tissues to low\u2010level laser light (coherent light) or light\u2010emitting diodes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LED<\/jats:styled-content>s; noncoherent light), leading to the modulation of cellular functions, such as proliferation and migration, which result in tissue regeneration. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBM<\/jats:styled-content> therapy has important clinical applications in regenerative medicine. Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentary disorder resulting from disappearance of functional melanocytes in the involved skin. Vitiligo repigmentation depends on available melanocytes derived from (a) melanocyte stem cells located in the bulge area of hair follicles and (b) the epidermis at the lesional borders, which contains a pool of functional melanocytes. Since follicular melanoblasts (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content>s) are derived from the melanocyte stem cells residing at the bulge area of hair follicle, the process of vitiligo repigmentation presents a research model for studying the regenerative effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBM<\/jats:styled-content> therapy. Previous reports have shown favourable response for treatment of vitiligo with a low\u2010energy helium\u2010neon (He\u2010Ne) laser. This review focuses on the molecular events that took place during the repigmentation process of vitiligo triggered by He\u2010Ne laser (632.8\u00a0nm, red light). Monochromatic radiation in the visible and infrared A (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IRA<\/jats:styled-content>) range sustains matrix metalloproteinase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>), improves mitochondrial function, and increases adenosine triphosphate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATP<\/jats:styled-content>) synthesis and O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> consumption, which lead to cellular regenerative pathways. <jats:italic>Cytochrome c oxidase<\/jats:italic> in the mitochondria was reported to be the photoacceptor upon which He\u2010Ne laser exerts its effects. Mitochondrial retrograde signalling is responsible for the cellular events by red light. This review shows that He\u2010Ne laser initiated mitochondrial retrograde signalling via a Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010dependent cascade. The impact on <jats:italic>cytochrome c oxidase<\/jats:italic> within the mitochondria, an event that results in activation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CREB<\/jats:styled-content> (cyclic\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AMP<\/jats:styled-content> response element binding protein)\u2010related cascade, is responsible for the He\u2010Ne laser promoting functional development at different stages of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content>s and boosting functional melanocytes. He\u2010Ne laser irradiation induced (a) melanocyte stem cell differentiation; (b) immature outer root sheath <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content> migration; (c) differentiated outer root sheath <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MB<\/jats:styled-content> melanogenesis and migration; and (d) perilesional melanocyte migration and proliferation. These photobiomodulation effects result in perifollocular and marginal repigmentation in vitiligo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T18:16:27Z","timestamp":1548872187000},"page":"10-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Mechanisms of repigmentation induced by photobiomodulation therapy in vitiligo"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology University of California Davis School of Medicine  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng\u2010Che E.","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin\u2010Su","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Health Research Institutes  Zhunan Miaoli County Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0051"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2015.4029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2016.4203"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5978\/islsm.91-OR-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.03.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"145","volume":"9","author":"Geneva I. 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