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Several mutations could be responsible for this phenotype. It has been suggested that corresponding mutations spread in Europe due to a founder effect shaped either by a relaxation of selection for dark, UV\u2010protective phenotypes or by sexual selection in favour of rare phenotypes. In our study, we investigated the levels of vitamin D precursor 25(OH)D3 (calcidiol) and folic acid in the blood serum of 73 redheaded and 130 non\u2010redheaded individuals. In redheaded individuals, we found higher 25(OH)D3 concentrations and approximately the same folic acid concentrations as in non\u2010redheaded subjects. 25(OH)D3 concentrations correlated with the intensity of hair redness measured by two spectrophotometric methods and estimated by participants themselves and by independent observers. In non\u2010redheaded individuals, 25(OH)D3 levels covaried with the amount of sun exposure and intensity of suntan while in redheaded individuals, this was not the case. It suggests that increased 25(OH)D3 levels in redheaded individuals are due to differences in physiology rather than in behaviour. We also found that folic acid levels increased with age and the intensity of baldness and decreased with the frequency of visiting tanning salons. Our results suggest that the redheaded phenotype could be an evolutionary adaptation for sufficient photosynthesis of provitamin D in conditions of low intensity of UVB radiation in central and northern parts of Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T12:53:38Z","timestamp":1591016018000},"page":"598-609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Increased 25(OH)D3 level in redheaded people: Could redheadedness be an adaptation to temperate climate?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0822-0126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Flegr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy and History of Sciences Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"S\u00fdkorov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy and History of Sciences Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vojt\u011bch","family":"Fiala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy and History of Sciences Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Hlav\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy and History of Sciences Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Bi\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludmila","family":"M\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrinology Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0160\u00e1rka","family":"Ka\u0148kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy and History of Sciences Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330260131"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1955.tb01286.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00044.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu180"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2003.00037.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2009.00610.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1918"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91789-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-208975"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2005.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190238"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24373"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000180769.51576.CD"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24852"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54662-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12872"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12642"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"3292","volume":"39","author":"Saternus R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2011.00898.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2012-1092"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2009.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.385"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msl203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","first-page":"115","volume":"17","author":"Reed T. 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