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Melanocytes are pigment\u2010producing cells, and their key regulating transcription factor is the melanocyte\u2010specific microphthalmia\u2010associated transcription factor (m\u2010MITF). Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a unique modulator of skin pigmentation influencing tanning pathways. The delayed tanning pathway occurs as UVB produces keratinocyte DNA damage, causing p53\u2010mediated expression of the pro\u2010opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene that is processed to release \u03b1\u2010melanocyte\u2010stimulating hormone (\u03b1\u2010MSH). \u03b1\u2010MSH stimulates the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) on melanocytes, leading to m\u2010MITF expression and melanogenesis. POMC cleavage also releases \u03b2\u2010endorphin, which creates a neuroendocrine pathway that promotes UV\u2010seeking behaviours. Mutations along the tanning pathway can affect pigmentation and increase the risk of skin malignancies. MC1R variants have received considerable attention, yet the allele is highly polymorphic with varied phenotypes. Vitiligo presents with depigmented skin lesions due to autoimmune destruction of melanocytes. UVB phototherapy stimulates melanocyte stem cells in the hair bulge to undergo differentiation and upwards migration resulting in perifollicular repigmentation of vitiliginous lesions, which is under sophisticated signalling control. Melanocyte stem cells, normally quiescent, undergo cyclic activation\/differentiation and downward migration with the hair cycle, providing pigment to hair follicles. Physiological hair greying results from progressive loss of melanocyte stem cells and can be accelerated by acute stress\u2010induced, sympathetic driven hyperproliferation of the melanocyte stem cells. Ultimately, by reviewing the pathways governing epithelial and follicular pigmentation, numerous areas of future research and potential points of intervention are highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,20]],"date-time":"2020-12-20T05:25:57Z","timestamp":1608441957000},"page":"560-571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":183,"title":["Skin pigmentation and its control: From ultraviolet radiation to stem cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Joseph Michael","family":"Yardman\u2010Frank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque NM USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5506-0575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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