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Exact mechanisms of dithranol in alopecia areata, with seemingly healthy epidermis besides altered hair follicles, are not well understood. To better understand dithranol's mechanisms on healthy skin, we analysed its effect on normal murine as well as xenografted human skin. We found a strong increase in mRNA expression of anti\u2010microbial peptides (AMPs) (eg <jats:italic>Lcn2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Defb1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Defb3<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>S100a8<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>S100a9<\/jats:italic>), keratinocyte differentiation markers (eg <jats:italic>Serpinb3a<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Flg<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Krt16<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Lce3e<\/jats:italic>) and inflammatory cytokines (eg <jats:italic>Il1b<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Il17<\/jats:italic>) in healthy murine skin. This effect was paralleled by inflammation and disturbed skin barrier, as well as an injury response resulting in epidermal hyperproliferation, as observed in murine and xenografted adult human skin. This contact response and disturbed barrier induced by dithranol might lead via a vicious loop between AMPs such as S100a8\/a9 (that led to skin swelling itself after topical application) and cytokines such as IL\u20101\u03b2 to an immune suppressive environment in the skin. A better understanding of the skin's physiologic response to dithranol may open up new avenues for the establishment of novel therapeutics (including AMP\u2010related\/interfering molecules) for certain skin conditions, such as alopecia areata.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T11:17:00Z","timestamp":1614251820000},"page":"841-846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Induction of IL\u20101\u03b2 and antimicrobial peptides as a potential mechanism for topical dithranol"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6218-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa","family":"Benezeder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Medical University of Graz Graz Styria Austria"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital 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