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With the aim of elucidating genes involved in AGA pathogenesis, we modelled AGA with three\u2010dimensional culture of keratinocyte\u2010surrounded dermal papilla (DP) cells. We co\u2010cultured immortalised balding and non\u2010balding human DP cells (DPCs) derived from male AGA patients with epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) using multi\u2010interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation technique. We observed up\u2010regulated mitochondria\u2010related gene expression in balding compared with non\u2010balding DP aggregates which indicated altered mitochondria metabolism. Further observation of significantly reduced electron transport chain complex activity (complexes I, IV and V), ATP levels and ability to uptake metabolites for ATP generation demonstrated compromised mitochondria function in balding DPC. Balding DP was also found to be under significantly higher oxidative stress than non\u2010balding DP. Our experiments suggest that application of antioxidants lowers oxidative stress levels and improves metabolite uptake in balding DPC. We postulate that the observed up\u2010regulation of mitochondria\u2010related genes in balding DP aggregates resulted from an over\u2010compensatory effort to rescue decreased mitochondrial function in balding DP through the attempted production of new functional mitochondria. In all, our three\u2010dimensional co\u2010culturing revealed mitochondrial dysfunction in balding DPC, suggesting a metabolic component in the aetiology of AGA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T11:29:59Z","timestamp":1643974199000},"page":"906-917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Observations that suggest a contribution of altered dermal papilla mitochondrial function to androgenetic alopecia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9763-703X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine G. 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