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They are characterized by increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, primarily excessive collagen type 1 production by hyperproliferative fibroblasts. The extent of ECM deposition is thought to be proportional to the severity of local skin inflammation leading to excessive fibrosis of the dermis. Due to a lack of suitable study models, therapy for raised dermal scars remains ill\u2010defined. Immune cells and their associated markers have been strongly associated with dermal fibrosis. Therefore, modulation of the immune system and use of anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines are of potential interest in the management of dermal fibrosis. In this review, we will discuss the importance of immune factors in the pathogenesis of raised dermal scarring. The aim here is to provide an up\u2010to\u2010date comprehensive review of the literature, from PubMed, Scopus, and other relevant search engines in order to describe the known immunological factors associated with raised dermal scarring. The importance of immune cells including mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and relevant molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, antibodies, transcription factors, and other immune\u2010associated molecules as well as tissue lymphoid aggregates identified within raised dermal scars will be presented. A growing body of evidence points to a shift from proinflammatory Th1 response to regulatory\/anti\u2010inflammatory Th2 response being associated with the development of fibrogenesis in raised dermal scarring. In summary, a better understanding of immune cells and associated molecular markers in dermal fibrosis will likely enable future development of potential immune\u2010modulated therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic targets in raised dermal scarring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T05:18:19Z","timestamp":1671772699000},"page":"570-587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Immune cells and associated molecular markers in dermal fibrosis with focus on raised cutaneous scars"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4121-1846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvis Banboye","family":"Kidzeru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wound Healing And Keloid Scar Unit, Medical Research Council (South Africa), Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of 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Department of Medicine University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Francie van Zijl Drive, Parow Valley  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Nkengazong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology Laboratory (LAMMII) Centre for Research on Health and Priority Pathologies (CRSPP) Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation  Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2896-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry Ademola","family":"Adeola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wound Healing And Keloid Scar Unit, Medical Research Council (South Africa), Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, 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