{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T05:42:24Z","timestamp":1772948544202,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The high abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium simulans<\/jats:italic>\n                    in psoriasis skin suggests a contribution to the psoriasis aetiology. This hypothesis was tested in an exploratory study, where western blot (WB) analyses with extracts of heat\u2010treated\n                    <jats:italic>C. simulans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and psoriasis serum\u2010derived IgG exhibited a single 16\u2009kDa\u2010WB\u2010band. Proteomic analyses revealed ribosomal proteins as candidate\n                    <jats:italic>C. s.<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010antigens. A peptidomic analysis unexpectedly showed that psoriasis serum\u2010derived IgG already contained 31 immunopeptides of\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                    ssp., suggesting the presence of natural bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). Moreover, peptidomic analyses gave 372 DECOY\u2010peptides with similarity to virus\u2010 and phage proteins, including\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium diphtheriae phage<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and similarity to diphtheria toxin. Strikingly, a peptidomic analysis for human peptides revealed 64 epitopes of major psoriasis autoantigens such as the spacer region of filaggrin, hornerin repeats and others. Most identified immunopeptides represent potential cationic intrinsically disordered antimicrobial peptides (CIDAMPs), which are generated within the epidermis. These may form complexes with bacterial disordered protein regions, representing chimeric antigens containing discontinuous epitopes. In addition, among 128 low\u2010abundance immunopeptides, 48 are putatively psoriasis\u2010relevant such as epitope peptides of PGE2\u2010, vitamin D3\u2010 and IL\u201010\u2010receptors. Further, 47 immunopeptides originated from tumour antigens, and the endogenous retrovirus HERV\u2010K. I propose that persistent infection with a toxigenic\n                    <jats:italic>C. simulans<\/jats:italic>\n                    initiates psoriasis, which is exacerbated as an autoimmune disease by CIDAMPs as autoantigens. The discovery of natural BsAbs allows the identification of antigen epitopes from microbes, viruses, autoantigens and tumour\u2010antigens, and may help to develop epitope\u2010specific peptide\u2010vaccines and therapeutic approaches with antigen\u2010specific regulatory T\u00a0cells to improve immune tolerance in an autoimmune disease\u2010specific\u2010manner.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.15014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:30:37Z","timestamp":1705537837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Discovery of natural bispecific antibodies: Is psoriasis induced by a toxigenic\n                    <i>Corynebacterium simulans<\/i>\n                    and maintained by\n                    <scp>CIDAMPs<\/scp>\n                    as autoantigens?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0682-6359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens\u2010Michael","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology University\u2010Hospital Schleswig\u2010Holstein, Campus Kiel  Kiel 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