{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T23:18:29Z","timestamp":1778887109860,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Polymorphic light eruption (PLE) has been mechanistically linked to cytokine abnormalities. Emerging preclinical evidence posits the skin microbiome as a critical modulator of ultraviolet (UV)\u2010induced cytokine expression, thereby influencing subsequent immune responses. This intricate relationship remains underexplored in the context of PLE. Hence, we investigated the differential responses between disinfected and non\u2010disinfected skin following both single and repetitive exposures to solar\u2010simulated UV radiation in patients with PLE. An experimental, half\u2010body pilot study was conducted involving six PLE patients and 15 healthy controls. Participants' skin was exposed to single and multiple doses of solar\u2010simulated UV radiation, both in disinfected and in non\u2010disinfected skin areas. The co\u2010primary outcomes were PLE score and cytokine expression in blister fluid analysed through OLINK proteomic profiling. Secondary outcomes were erythema, pigmentation, induction of apoptotic cells in vacuum\u2010generated suction blisters, and density of infiltrate in skin biopsies of PLE patients. Among the 71 cytokines analysed, baseline expression levels of 20 specific cytokines\u2014integral to processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, immune cell recruitment, cellular growth, and differentiation\u2014were significantly impaired in PLE patients compared with healthy controls. Notably, skin disinfection reversed the observed cytokine imbalances following a single UV exposure at the minimal erythema dose (MED) level and exhibited even more pronounced effects after multiple UV exposures. However, no significant differences were evident in PLE score, erythema, pigmentation, or rates of apoptotic cell induction upon UV radiation. These findings provide evidence for UV\u2010driven cytokine regulation by the skin microbiota and imply microbiome involvement in the PLE immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.15034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T04:43:20Z","timestamp":1709959400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Eradication of skin microbiota restores cytokine production and release in polymorphic light eruption"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3023-5577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Zarfl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Research Unit for Photodermatology Medical University of Graz  Graz 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