{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T21:25:42Z","timestamp":1780089942297,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020181","name":"Japanese Society of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Management","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incontinence\u2010associated dermatitis (IAD) is one of the most serious complications in older people with incontinence. Controlling urine property in absorbent pads could be effective for preventing IAD caused by bacterial urine. However, no animal model has been established to evaluate their effectiveness. This study aimed to induce IAD\u2010like skin changes using absorbent pads containing bacterial urine and to confirm their pathophysiology in rats. Hairless Wistar Yagi rats were divided into the bacteria\u2010containing urine (BU) and the bacteria\u2010free urine (U) groups. A 10\u2010h\u2010attachment of absorbent pads containing artificial urine with\/without bacteria to the skin pretreated with sodium lauryl sulfate was performed repeatedly for 5\u2009days. Macroscopic findings and skin barrier function were examined every day, and histological changes, inflammatory responses and bacterial quantification in tissue samples were examined on Day 5. The BU group exhibited significant skin redness from Day 3, significant elevation of transepidermal water loss from Day 1, and histological changes, including significantly thickened epidermis, abnormal keratinocyte differentiation and erythrocyte leakage. Inflammation, confirmed by higher myeloperoxidase\u2010positive cells, elevated tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 expression, and vascular endothelial damage, indicated by CD31 and pentraxin 3\u2010positive cells, were observed in the BU group. The bacterial quantification showed no significant difference between the groups. IAD\u2010like skin changes including histological changes and inflammation were suggested to be caused by urine properties altered by bacteria. This study proposed a new animal model for evaluating the effectiveness of absorbent pads in controlling the urine properties of bacterial urine on preventing IAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.70013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T12:59:25Z","timestamp":1730811565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Incontinence\u2010Associated Dermatitis\u2010Like Skin Changes Induced by the Application of Absorbent Pads Containing Bacteria and Artificial Urine in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8612-1484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ai","family":"Horinouchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontological Nursing\/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4964-7107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuko","family":"Mugita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontological Nursing\/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanai","family":"Tomida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontological Nursing\/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4265-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chihiro","family":"Takizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontological Nursing\/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8820-0952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daijiro","family":"Haba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Nursing Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1912-1251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiromi","family":"Sanada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University  Ishikawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9650-2464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gojiro","family":"Nakagami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontological Nursing\/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Global Nursing Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics6020034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000452"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00152192-200701000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000313"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0b013e31823fe246"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"188","article-title":"Exploring the Impact of Incontinence\u2010Associated Dermatitis on Wellbeing","volume":"26","author":"Spacek A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of the Australian Wound Management Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000390"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2011.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"Japanese Society of Wound Ostomy and Continence Management.\u201cIAD Best Practice (in Japanese).\u201d2019. 1st ed. Shorinsha."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11311010\u2010000000000\u201000000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WON.0000264825.03485.40"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/cwcmr.s71122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12906"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10492"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000370"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"226","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Absorbent Pad for Loose Stool in Bedridden Elderly (In Japanese)","volume":"14","author":"Kitagawa A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011\u20102856"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/8.3.145"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532\u20105415.2009.02227.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000104439"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14209"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcatb.2009.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.67.3.429\u2010453.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000096192"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2024.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403\u2010014\u20101526\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100536.2007.01199.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102702.2008.02606.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13864"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.UTI\u20100017\u20102013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16327"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100846.2007.00256.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100846.2005.00101.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","first-page":"671","article-title":"Involvement of Endothelial PECAM\u20101\/CD31 in Angiogenesis","volume":"151","author":"DeLisser H. M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.58"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/916497"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/718725"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419\u2010022\u201004523\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13422"}],"container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/exd.70013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T06:29:40Z","timestamp":1748672980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/exd.70013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/exd.70013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/exd.70013","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0906-6705","1600-0625"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0906-6705","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0625","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70013"}}