{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T01:35:57Z","timestamp":1776216957646,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006041","name":"Innovate UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>In addition to producing melanin to protect epidermal keratinocytes against DNA damage, melanocytes may have important roles in strengthening innate immunity against pathogens. We have developed a functional, pigmented, human full\u2010thickness 3D skin equivalent to determine whether the presence of melanocytes impacts epidermal bacterial growth and regulates the expression of genes involved in the immune response. We introduced primary epidermal melanocytes to construct a 3\u2010cell full\u2010thickness skin equivalent with primary dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes. Immunohistochemistry verified the appropriate ratio and spatial organisation of melanocytes. Alpha\u2010MSH induced melanogenesis, confirming an appropriate physiological response. We compared this 3\u2010cell skin equivalent with the 2\u2010cell version without melanocytes in response to inoculation with 3 species of bacteria: <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Corynebacterium striatum<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Cutibacterium acnes.<\/jats:italic> There was a significant decrease in the colonisation of bacteria in the skin equivalents containing functional melanocytes. There was increased expression of immune\u2010response genes (<jats:italic>S100A9, DEFB4A, IL\u20104R<\/jats:italic>) following microorganism exposure; however, there were marked differences between the unpigmented and pigmented skin equivalents. This physiologically relevant human 3D\u2010skin equivalent opens up new avenues for studying complex skin pigmentation disorders, melanoma, and UV damage, as well as the rapidly evolving field of the skin microbiome and the balance between commensal and pathogenic species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.70071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T15:41:49Z","timestamp":1741707709000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Do Melanocytes Have a Role in Controlling Epidermal Bacterial Colonisation and the Skin Microbiome?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Omera","family":"Bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Science University of Bradford  Bradford UK"},{"name":"Labskin UK, York Biotech Campus  Sand Hutton UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Caballero\u2010Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labskin UK, York Biotech Campus  Sand Hutton UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Sikkink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Science University of Bradford  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6645-9568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gill","family":"Westgate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Science University of Bradford  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sobia","family":"Kauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Science University of Bradford  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2518-8412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacobo","family":"Elies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences University of Bradford  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3395-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Julie","family":"Thornton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Science University of Bradford  Bradford 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