{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T08:11:30Z","timestamp":1767859890495,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Uncomplicated topical skin infections like impetigo, caused by gram\u2010positive bacteria such as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, are a common global health issue, particularly affecting children. With increasing antimicrobial resistance, conventional treatments such as mupirocin are becoming ineffective, highlighting the necessity for new antimicrobial development. Fatty acids have long shown potential as novel antimicrobials, but their development has been limited by solubility and efficacy concerns in topical applications. We previously discovered that combining the amino acid L\u2010arginine with an 11\u2010carbon fatty acid, undecylenic acid, produced a water\u2010soluble ammonium carboxylate salt, arginine undecylenate, referred to as GS\u20101, that elicits potent antimicrobial activity. Under CLSI test conditions, GS\u20101 showed effective antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of methicillin\u2010sensitive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> (MSSA), methicillin\u2010resistant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> (MRSA), vancomycin\u2010intermediate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, with MICs of 0.60\u20131.26\u2009mg\/mL and MBCs of 0.63\u20135.04\u2009mg\/mL, respectively. Fluorescence microscopy revealed GS\u20101 to elicit antibacterial activity by rapidly permeabilising bacterial membranes and inducing reactive oxygen species formation. Serial exposure of 5 MRSA clinical isolates to sub\u2010lethal doses of GS\u20101 did not appear to induce resistance. In fact, compared to mupirocin, repeated exposures to GS\u20101 appeared to sensitise bacteria to GS\u20101. In an animal model of skin infection, topical GS\u20101 successfully eradicated MRSA from infected, abraded skin after 6\u2009days of treatment with no signs of toxicity. Finally, repeated topical GS\u20101 exposure in humans caused no irritation or sensitisation. These results support GS\u20101 as a potential novel topical antibacterial for the treatment of impetigo and other skin infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.70075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T05:46:20Z","timestamp":1741758380000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Novel Ammonium Carboxylate Salt of Undecylenic Acid for the Topical Treatment of Gram\u2010Positive and Antibiotic\u2010Resistant Skin Infections"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8554-1353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyce","family":"Mayfosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wintermute Biomedical Inc.  Missoula Montana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Rau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wintermute Biomedical Inc.  Missoula Montana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(12)61729\u20102"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Impetigo: Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"90","author":"Hartman\u2010Adams H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605495"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv169"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.07.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.720647"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.42.9.2290"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.17.2.303\u2010312.1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.2.624\u2010629.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00016\u201010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01043\u201013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.384"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254\u20106299(15)30367\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.10.2873\u20102875.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"CLSI \u201cMethods for Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents; Approved Guideline \u201d1999 www.clsi.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214170"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1950.02910430053026"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"The Use of Undecylenic Acid in Psoriasis","volume":"56","author":"Mulvehill W.","year":"1952","journal-title":"Urologic and Cutaneous Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Undecylenic Acid in the Treatment of Psoriasis and Neurodermatitis","volume":"74","author":"Nelson L. 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