{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:16:57Z","timestamp":1788185817606,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102023\u201000211146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102023\u201000211146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is known for its stepwise progression from healthy skin to premalignant actinic keratosis (AK), followed by a malignant transformation to SCC. Unfortunately, less attention has been paid to changes in gene expression in the tumour microenvironment during this process. We retrospectively selected early\u2010stage cutaneous SCC tissue samples containing both invasive and premalignant portions and conducted a spatial transcriptomic experiment using a NanoString GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler (DSP). First, we selected invasive and premalignant regions of interest (ROIs) for each tissue. We then compared the gene expression patterns between the two portions (invasive versus premalignant) of the three segments: tumour cells, immune cells and fibroblasts, in each ROI. As a result, early\u2010stage cutaneous SCC tissue samples from 17 patients were selected for this study. We identified 29, 14 and 15 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the invasive and premalignant portions of the tumour cells, immune cells and fibroblasts, respectively. The top three genes with the highest absolute log<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> fold\u2010change were <jats:italic>CCDC88C<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>GJD3<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>COMP<\/jats:italic> in tumour cells; <jats:italic>SVEP1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TSLP<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>PPP2R5C<\/jats:italic> in immune cells; and <jats:italic>SPAG6<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>PPP1CA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>CCDC68<\/jats:italic> in fibroblasts. Notably, several genes, such as <jats:italic>COMP<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>SVEP1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SPAG6<\/jats:italic>, have been linked to the development and function of cancer\u2010associated fibroblasts. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that several pathways were altered in tumour and immune cells. In conclusion, distinctive changes in gene expression patterns were observed as AK progressed to SCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.70125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T10:53:29Z","timestamp":1749725609000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Spatial Transcriptomics Shows a Distinctive Tumour Microenvironment in the Invasive Versus Premalignant Portion of Early Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Jeong\u2010An","family":"Gim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science Soonchunhyang University  Asan Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chungyeul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Guro Hospital Korea University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Jyung","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science Korea University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ko Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Guro Hospital Korea University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiehyun","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Guro Hospital Korea University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aeree","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Guro Hospital Korea University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8667-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoo Sang","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Guro Hospital Korea University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.08.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17728"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-023-00583-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12640"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.23.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073478"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202100041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14827"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.4994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.08.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13965"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iotech.2019.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.86125"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-021-00795-8"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"716","article-title":"Estrogen Receptor Analyses. 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