{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:04:55Z","timestamp":1785434695520,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This systematic review evaluates the clinical applications of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in paediatric dermatology. The objective was to summarise evidence on the diagnostic and monitoring value of RCM in patients aged \u2264\u200918\u2009years across dermatologic conditions. Eligible studies included original studies, observational studies, case series and case reports that used RCM in paediatric patients; non\u2010original studies and those lacking extractable paediatric data were excluded. MEDLINE and Web of Science were searched on June 23, 2025. Risk of bias in observational studies was assessed using the modified published criteria. Data were synthesised narratively due to heterogeneity in study design, populations and outcomes. Seventy\u2010three studies met the inclusion criteria which were classified across four condition groups: the \u2018Neoplastic and related lesions\u2019 category (25 studies), \u2018Congenital anomalies\u2019 (8), \u2018Inflammatory conditions\u2019 (30), and \u2018Infections and infestations\u2019 (14). Because some studies evaluated more than one condition, they were included in multiple categories; therefore, category\u2010specific counts exceed the number of unique included studies. Across categories, RCM facilitated non\u2010invasive diagnosis, differentiation of clinically similar conditions, and longitudinal monitoring, especially for melanocytic lesions, congenital pigmentary disorders, lichen sclerosus, vitiligo, acne, molluscum contagiosum, verruca plana, dermatophytosis and scabies. Several studies emphasised the advantages in sensitive regions, such as the genital area. Risk\u2010of\u2010bias assessment revealed variable methodological rigour, reflecting a predominance of observational designs and limited paediatric\u2010specific data. Study heterogeneity, small sample sizes and frequent reliance on case reports or series limited evidence. Overall, findings support RCM as a safe, repeatable tool that reduces reliance on invasive procedures and aids diagnosis and treatment monitoring in paediatric dermatology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    PROSPERO CRD420251018599.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.70274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:35:35Z","timestamp":1780029335000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Applications of Reflectance Confocal Microscopy in Paediatric Dermatology: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4155-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Maria","family":"Villa\u2010Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Cruces University Hospital  Barakaldo Spain"},{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"University of the Basque Country  Leioa Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5571-8720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Ramirez\u2010Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Basque Country  Leioa Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Cruces University Hospital  Barakaldo Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3274-2020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Andres\u2010Ibarrola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Cruces University Hospital  Barakaldo Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0698-2466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Rosario","family":"Gonzalez\u2010Hermosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Cruces University Hospital  Barakaldo Spain"},{"name":"University of the Basque Country  Leioa Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0862-3339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena B.","family":"Hawryluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology Mass General Brigham  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2204-2071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hensin","family":"Tsao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology Mass General Brigham  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9282-4784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties Alcala University  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1002a32"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2018.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001\u20107310(09)73380\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14837"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606\u2010012\u20102030\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973\u20103698.364677"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12924"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"The Role of Confocal Microscopy in the Dermato\u2010Oncology Practice","volume":"4","author":"Diaconeasa A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Life"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15683"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2017.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14286"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14783"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14846"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13385"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2024.08.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052\u2010016\u20100260\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14372"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000339339"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15629"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.70084"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12701"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.091"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13170"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13584"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15928"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13330"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15857"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12616"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000002064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.15869"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13523"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887\u2010023\u201003913\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000397"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llad354"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1302a107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20104632.2010.04841.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000002797"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13085"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13576"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12431"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12121973"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12730"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12298"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15641"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103\u2010025\u201004361\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1304a306"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18786"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.15033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11020152"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13234"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13304"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346\u20108138.16884"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2024.4766"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403\u2010024\u201002983\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13291"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000536130"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247846"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756\u20100500\u20107\u2010929"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13385"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15679"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2021.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010015\u20104585\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.14106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14487"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13676"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12557"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13459"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2023.05.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12511"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14241"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2023.4523"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14369"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2025.09.013"}],"container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/exd.70274","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/exd.70274","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/exd.70274","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:52:09Z","timestamp":1785433929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/exd.70274"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/exd.70274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/exd.70274","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0906-6705","1600-0625"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0906-6705","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0625","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70274"}}