{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:50:52Z","timestamp":1787323852730,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The rapid advancement of human\u2010relevant in\u00a0vitro skin models has been driven by increasingly stringent regulatory restrictions on animal testing and the growing recognition that conventional animal and two\u2010dimensional cell culture systems fail to accurately predict human skin biology and clinical outcomes. Three\u2010dimensional reconstructed human skin models, ex\u00a0vivo human skin platforms, and next\u2010generation bioengineered systems have been recognized as critical tools for dermatological research, cosmetic safety assessment, and pharmaceutical development. This review focuses on commercially available in\u00a0vitro human skin models currently used in regulatory and research settings, as well as emerging technologies under active development. We provide an overview of reconstructed human epidermis and full\u2010thickness skin equivalents, functional variants incorporating pigmentation and microbiome support, and ex\u00a0vivo human skin models derived from surgical tissues. Additionally, we discuss cutting\u2010edge platforms, including vascularized and perfused skin models, immune\u2010competent skin constructs, organoid\u2010based appendage\u2010containing models, and microbiome\u2010integrated platforms. Furthermore, we highlight current limitations, regulatory gaps, and future directions for standardization, scalability, and clinical translation. Collectively, advanced human skin models are expected to significantly enhance dermatological research by enabling predictive, ethical, and mechanistically informative testing strategies that bridge the gap between in\u00a0vitro experimentation and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.70312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T09:36:39Z","timestamp":1782984999000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Human\u2010Relevant In\u00a0Vitro Skin Models: From Regulatory\u2010Validated Platforms to Emerging Technologies for Translational Dermatology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4119-5356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Chung\u2010Ang University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soeun","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Chung\u2010Ang University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5965-1754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kui Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Chung\u2010Ang University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5632-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Yeon","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Chung\u2010Ang University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.2013.3.275"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"T.HartungandM.Leist \u201cFood for Thought on the Evolution of Toxicology and the Phasing Out of Animal Testing \u201d(2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222878110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000245"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12832"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2622"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/adt.2014.573"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2236"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264242845-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2352-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for Alternative Non\u2010Animal Testing Methods for Cosmetics: Skin Irritation and Corrosion Test Using Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RhE)","author":"Ministry of Food and Drug Safety","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"\u201cFDA Modernization Act 2.0 \u201d(2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","volume-title":"Innovative Science and Technology Approaches for New Drugs (ISTAND) Pilot Program","author":"Administration USFaD","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","volume-title":"Review of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in the Development of Human Medicines","author":"European Medicines Agency","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Characterization of Reconstructed Skin Models","volume":"15","author":"Boelsmaa M. 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