{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T06:06:38Z","timestamp":1788933998967,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102024\u201000453630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102024\u201000453630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune hair disorder characterized by interferon\u2010gamma (IFN\u2010\u03b3)\u2013driven inflammation and collapse of hair follicle immune privilege. Although Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are effective, incomplete or delayed responses remain common. Minoxidil is frequently combined with JAK inhibitors in clinical practice, yet its immunomodulatory mechanisms in AA are unclear. We investigated the effects of minoxidil sulfate (MXS) on inflammatory signalling, immune privilege\u2013associated features and mitochondrial stress responses, and evaluated whether MXS enhances the anti\u2010inflammatory effects of the JAK inhibitor baricitinib. Clinical observations of patients receiving combination therapy were descriptively assessed. Mechanistic studies were conducted in human outer root sheath (ORS) cells stimulated with IFN\u2010\u03b3 and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid to model the AA inflammatory microenvironment. Representative clinical observations suggested accelerated hair regrowth after addition of oral minoxidil to baricitinib. In inflamed ORS cells, MXS enhanced baricitinib\u2010mediated suppression of STAT1 phosphorylation and IFN\u2010\u03b3\u2013inducible chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11). MXS also exerted baricitinib\u2010independent anti\u2010inflammatory effects by inhibiting STAT1 and STAT3 activation. Furthermore, MXS reduced inflammatory induction of MHC class I expression and partially restored insulin\u2010like growth factor\u20101 expression. MXS attenuated cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species accumulation, mitochondrial DNA damage and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, accompanied by suppression of NOX1 and NOX4 expression. These findings suggest that MXS modulates inflammatory signalling, preserves immune privilege\u2013associated features and protects mitochondrial integrity, providing a mechanistic rationale for adjunctive use with JAK inhibitors without additional systemic immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.70335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T07:34:01Z","timestamp":1785310441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Minoxidil Sulfate Regulates\n                    <scp>JAK<\/scp>\n                    \/\n                    <scp>STAT<\/scp>\n                    Signalling and Mitochondrial Function in Alopecia Areata"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7465-5243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung\u2010Min","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Chungnam National University School of Medicine  Daejeon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogyeong","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Chungnam National University School of Medicine  Daejeon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Eun","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Chungnam National University School of Medicine  Daejeon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang Deok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Chungnam National University School of Medicine  Daejeon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young\u2010Joon","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Chungnam National University School of Medicine  Daejeon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9205-1785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Chungnam National University School of Medicine  Daejeon Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1103442"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14753"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44127"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30997-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"1178","article-title":"Interferon\u2010Gamma Induces an Interferon Signature and Inhibition of Human Hair Follicle Growth in Vitro","volume":"179","author":"Gherardini J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110343"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15489"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1984.01650400039010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.15051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.08.080"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13812"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2025.05.1393"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2025.05.1446"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010135"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1181572"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.6324"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"Y. K.Seong S. Y.Jin K. E.Jung Y. J.Seo C. D.Kim andY.Lee \u201cEfficacy and Safety of Low\u2010Dose Oral Minoxidil in Alopecia Areata: A Retrospective Single\u2010Center Analysis. Korean The Journal of Dermatology \u201d(2026)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1304315"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165845"}],"container-title":["Experimental Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/exd.70335","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/exd.70335","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/exd.70335","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:20:16Z","timestamp":1788931216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/exd.70335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/exd.70335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/exd.70335","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0906-6705","1600-0625"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0906-6705","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0625","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70335"}}