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Recent studies have demonstrated that heart dysfunction can develop in the setting of choline deprivation even in the absence of underlying heart disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>s) are responsible for extracellular matrix degradation, and the dysregulation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 has been involved in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular disorders. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>s and their inhibitors (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIMP<\/jats:styled-content>s), in the pathogenesis of choline deficiency\u2010induced cardiomyopathy, and the way they are affected by carnitine supplementation. Male Wistar Albino adult rats were divided into four groups and received standard or choline\u2010deficient diet with or without L\u2010carnitine in drinking water (0.15% w\/v) for 1 month. Heart tissue immunohistochemistry for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 was performed. Choline deficiency was associated with suppressed immunohistochemical expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 and an increased expression of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 compared to control, while it had no impact on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109 expression was decreased without, however, reaching statistical significance. Carnitine did not affect <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 expression. The pattern of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIMP<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content> modulation observed in a choline deficiency setting appears to promote fibrosis. Carnitine, although shown to suppress fibrosis, does not seem to affect <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20109, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TIMP<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 expression. Further studies will be required to identify the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of carnitine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]],"date-time":"2015-10-26T14:20:44Z","timestamp":1445869244000},"page":"47-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Immunohistochemical determination of the extracellular matrix modulation in a rat model of choline\u2010deprived myocardium: the effects of carnitine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Athina","family":"Strilakou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens 75 Mikras Asias Street Goudi 11527 Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apostolos","family":"Perelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Medical 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