{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:21:23Z","timestamp":1791426083998,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]],"date-time":"2016-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fundamemntal Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Slow\u2010release oral morphine sulfate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SM<\/jats:styled-content>) is one of the most abused prescription opioids in France. However, the regional feature of the abuse of morphine is poorly documented. To investigate the abuse of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SM<\/jats:styled-content> in a French administrative region, a multisource approach was applied. The first approach was based on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SM<\/jats:styled-content> exposition at national and regional level using the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPPIDUM<\/jats:styled-content> survey. In a second approach, we analyzed a drug reimbursement database to assess the magnitude of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SM<\/jats:styled-content> abuse in Languedoc\u2010Roussillon (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LR<\/jats:styled-content>) region. A clustering method was applied to classify patients and to describe the profile of deviant patients. The third approach was based on a self\u2010administered anonymous questionnaire, proposed to patients seen in addiction care centers in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LR<\/jats:styled-content> region and consuming oral SM. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPPIDUM<\/jats:styled-content> study showed that in most regions, where the prevalence of heroin use is higher than the national average of 9.1%, SM consumers were fewer. With the clustering method, three subgroups were identified. One of them gathered 35 users (3.2%) with a deviant behavior characterized by significantly more dispensations, dispensing pharmacies, and prescribers. These subjects were mainly men, younger, and more consumers of benzodiazepines and opioid maintenance therapy than the others. The third study allowed specifying that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SM<\/jats:styled-content> was mainly injected (93.7%), bought in the street (80%), and used because of unavailability and the poor quality of heroin (33.9%). The three proposed approaches are complementary and help to clarify the abuse of oral SM, while assessing the motivations of this abuse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,17]],"date-time":"2016-06-17T10:52:47Z","timestamp":1466160767000},"page":"466-475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Evidence of slow\u2010release morphine sulfate abuse and diversion: epidemiological approaches in a French administrative area"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Peyriere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Evaluation et d'Information sur la Pharmacod\u00e9pendance\u2010Addictovigilance D\u00e9partement de Pharmacologie M\u00e9dicale et Toxicologie CHRU Montpellier F\u201034295 Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Nogue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de recherche clinique et \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique D\u00e9partement de l'Information M\u00e9dicale H\u00f4pital La Colombi\u00e8re CHRU Montpellier F\u201034295 Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Eiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Evaluation et d'Information sur la Pharmacod\u00e9pendance\u2010Addictovigilance D\u00e9partement de Pharmacologie M\u00e9dicale et Toxicologie CHRU Montpellier F\u201034295 Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Frauger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Evaluation et d'Information sur la Pharmacod\u00e9pendance\u2010Addictovigilance Paca Corse Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance CHU Timone Assistance Publique\u2010H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille Marseille France"},{"name":"UMR 7289 Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9\u2010CNRS Institut des Neurosciences Timone secteur PiiCi F\u201013005 Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryline","family":"Charra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Echelon R\u00e9gional du Service M\u00e9dical Caisse nationale d'Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salari\u00e9s F\u201034967 Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie\u2010Christine","family":"Picot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de recherche clinique et \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique D\u00e9partement de l'Information M\u00e9dicale H\u00f4pital La Colombi\u00e8re CHRU Montpellier F\u201034295 Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"List of investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Substances Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.Results from the 2008 national survey on drug use and health: national findings HHS Publication No SMA 09\u20104434 Office of Applied Studies Rockville 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00259.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.Annual report 2012. 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