{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:46:24Z","timestamp":1780501584815,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fundamemntal Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ephenidine, diphenidine, and methoxphenidine belong to the family of diarylethylamines that are psychoactive substances derived from lefetamine (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> N<\/jats:italic>\u2010di\u2010methyl\u20101,2\u2010diphenylethylamine, also called L\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPA<\/jats:styled-content>). These dissociative anesthetic compounds act as potent and selective <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methyl\u2010<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010aspartate receptor antagonists and were recently classified as narcotic drugs in France. The available data suggest a significant risk of psychic and somatic complications. To obtain more information, this retrospective study analyzed all spontaneous notifications of serious cases of ephenidine, diphenidine, and methoxphenidine abuse collected by the French Addictovigilance Network from 2012 to 2016 and classified them as proven, probable, and possible. For each case, age, sex, concomitantly ingested substances, pattern of abuse of psychoactive drugs, and related complications (scored using the poisoning severity score) were collected. Eighteen cases were identified (one in 2013, five in 2015, and 12 in 2016) in 16 men (median age: 31.5\u00a0years [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQR<\/jats:styled-content> 25\u201375% 27\u201334]). Ephenidine, diphenidine, and methoxphenidine were involved in four, seven, and 11 cases, respectively. No case was considered proven, 16 cases were considered possible, and two probable due to polysubstance abuse (co\u2010ingestion of other new psychoactive substances). The reported clinical complications were minor in five cases, moderate in six cases, and serious in four cases, and included psychiatric, neurologic, and cardiovascular problems. This analysis indicates that the number of reported cases progressively increased from 2012 to 2016 and mainly concerned methoxphenidine. The addictive potential of these substances seems highly probable; but further investigations are needed to limit their harmful effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]],"date-time":"2018-06-29T11:26:32Z","timestamp":1530271592000},"page":"654-662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ephenidine, diphenidine, and methoxphenidine complications reported to the French Addictovigilance Network"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7839-9811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Eiden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacologie M\u00e9dicale et Toxicologie Centre d'Addictovigilance CHRU de Montpellier 34294 Montpellier Cedex France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Leone\u2010Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacologie M\u00e9dicale et Toxicologie Centre d'Addictovigilance CHRU de Montpellier 34294 Montpellier Cedex France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00efs","family":"Serre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacologie M\u00e9dicale et Toxicologie Centre d'Addictovigilance CHRU de Montpellier 34294 Montpellier Cedex France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Carton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacologie M\u00e9dicale Centre d'Addictovigilance Nord\u2010Pas\u2010de\u2010Calais CHRU de Lille 59037 Lille Cedex France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Gerardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacologie Clinique Centre d'Addictovigilance CHU de Nantes 44093 Nantes Cedex 1 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reynald","family":"Le Boisselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacologie M\u00e9dicale Centre d'Addictovigilance CHU de Caen 14033 Caen Cedex 9 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Gibaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Addictovigilance H\u00f4pital Central CHRU de Nancy 54035 Nancy Cedex France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Monzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSM Agence Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 du M\u00e9dicament et des Produits de Sant\u00e9 93285 Saint\u2010Denis France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Fouilhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacologie M\u00e9dicale Centre d'Addictovigilance CHU de Grenoble 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Addictovigilance de Lyon CHU de Lyon 69424 Lyon Cedex 03 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Peyriere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Pharmacologie M\u00e9dicale et Toxicologie Centre d'Addictovigilance CHRU de Montpellier 34294 Montpellier Cedex France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"French Network of Addictovigilance Centers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12063"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"Journal Officiel de la R\u00e9publique Fran\u00e7aise Arr\u00eat\u00e9 du 3 octobre 2017 modifiant l'arr\u00eat\u00e9 du 22 f\u00e9vrier 1990 fixant la liste des substances class\u00e9es comme stup\u00e9fiants"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2515\/therapie\/2014235"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therap.2016.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2515\/therapie\/2015009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659809028940"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de l'Emploi et de la Solidarit\u00e9. 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