{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:38:25Z","timestamp":1777480705403,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004351","name":"Sultan Qaboos University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IG\/MED\/\/PHAR\/21\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG\/MED\/\/PHAR\/21\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004351","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fundamemntal Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study investigated the effect of diminazene, lisinopril, or valsartan on adenine\u2010induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) in rats. The animals were divided into five groups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20096). The first and second groups received normal diet and adenine in the feed at a dose of 0.25% w\/w for 35\u2009days, respectively. The third, fourth, and fifth groups were treated as the second group but also received diminazene (15\u2009mg\/kg\/day), lisinopril (10\u00a0mg\/kg\/day), and valsartan (30\u2009mg\/kg\/day), respectively, for 35\u2009days. Adenine significantly increased plasma urea, creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase\u2010associated lipocalin (NGAL), calcium, phosphorus, and uric acid. In addition, adenine increased urinary albumin\/creatinine ratio and <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010Acetyl\u2010\u03b2\u2010<jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>\u2010glucosaminidase (NAG)\/creatinine ratio and reduced creatinine clearance. Adenine also significantly increased the plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (plasma tumor necrosis factor\u2013alpha [TNF\u2010\u03b1] and interleukin\u20101beta [IL\u20101\u03b2]) and significantly reduced antioxidant indices (catalase, glutathione reductase [GR], and superoxide dismutase [SOD]). Histopathologically, renal tissue from adenine\u2010treated rats showed necrosis of renal tubules, tubular casts, shrunken glomeruli, and increased renal fibrosis. All drugs ameliorated adenine\u2010induced biochemical and histopathological changes. The protective effect of the three drugs used is, at least partially, due to their anti\u2010inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Our results show that administration of diminazene, lisinopril, or valsartan had a comparable effect on the reversal of the biochemical and histopathological indices of adenine\u2010induced CKD in rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T10:20:26Z","timestamp":1666866026000},"page":"235-244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The effect of diminazene, an angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme 2 activator, on adenine\u2010induced chronic kidney disease in rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7959-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aly M.","family":"Abdelrahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Sultan Qaboos University  Al Khod Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6491-6278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Badreldin H.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Sultan Qaboos University  Al Khod Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3273-9593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haytham","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences Sultan Qaboos University  Muscat Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priyadarsini","family":"Manoj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Sultan Qaboos University  Al Khod Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yousuf","family":"Al\u2010Suleimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Sultan Qaboos University  Al Khod Oman"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.02.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/740647"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118758"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440\u20101681.13200"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01274"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02856"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13946"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866526666190405123422"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20201022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174288"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13180"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.02.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.12.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.11.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33594\/000000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703422"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176316"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472\u20108206.2011.01003.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2011.0023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325\u2010021\u201001994\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325\u2010021\u201001927\u2010z"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"5473","article-title":"LCZ696 (Sacubitril\/valsartan) ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis and improves renal function beyond angiotensin receptor blockade in CKD","volume":"9","author":"Jing W","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161760"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440\u20101681.12553"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866522666151013130550"}],"container-title":["Fundamental &amp; 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