{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:27:54Z","timestamp":1791286074235,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fundamemntal Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some of the most commonly used analgesic drugs in animals are of questionable efficacy or present adverse side effects among the various species of reptiles. Tricyclic antidepressants have been demonstrated to have antinociceptive effects in several animal models of pain and could be a good alternative for use in reptiles. The aim of the study was to investigate the antinociceptive effects of nortriptyline and desipramine hydrochloride in Speke's hinge\u2010back tortoise. A total of 24 animals weighing 600\u20131000\u2009g were used for nociceptive tests, i.e., formalin, capsaicin, and hot plate tests. Drugs were administered intracoelomically 30\u2009min before starting the tests. The time spent in nocifensive behavior and the associated observable effects during the tests were recorded. Only the highest dose of 40\u2009mg\/kg of nortriptyline hydrochloride caused statistically significant decrease in nocifensive behavior in both the formalin and the capsaicin test. Desipramine hydrochloride at doses of 20 and 40\u2009mg\/kg caused statistically significant decrease in nocifensive behavior in the formalin test. Also, desipramine hydrochloride at doses of 15, 20, and 60\u2009mg\/kg caused statistically significant decrease in nocifensive behavior in the capsaicin test. None of the doses used for both drugs had any statistically significant effect on nocifensive behavior in the hot plate test. The results show that nortriptyline and desipramine hydrochloride have significant antinociceptive effects in the chemical but not thermal inflammatory pain\u2010related behavior in the Speke's hinge\u2010back tortoise. The most common associated side effect following administration of the higher doses of either of the drugs is excessive salivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T06:08:40Z","timestamp":1673244520000},"page":"567-576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antinociceptive effects of nortriptyline and desipramine hydrochloride in Speke's hinge\u2010back tortoise (<scp><i>Kinixys Spekii<\/i><\/scp>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9548-2345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Makau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen N Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology University of Nairobi  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philemon K.","family":"Towett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology University of Nairobi  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titus I.","family":"Kanui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Veterinary sciences South Eastern Kenya University  Kitui Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klas S. P.","family":"Abelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen N Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2017.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2012.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17415349.2018.1468291"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2010.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.10.1507"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5818\/1529\u20109651.16.3.88"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.9.1356"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.2.267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.2.220"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.7.718"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.256.5.573"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001372"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000370244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924\u2010977X(03)00017\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978\u20100\u2010323\u201004743\u20102.50053\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000263"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00175"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32598\/ijt.14.3.649.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703615105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105148"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Maan JS","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Merwar G","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112483"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12374"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2006.10.001"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","first-page":"p537","article-title":"Nociception in crocodiles\u2014capsaicin instillation, formalin and hot plate tests (COMMUNICATION)","volume":"7","author":"Kanui TI","year":"1990","journal-title":"Zoolog Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102885.2009.01148.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"The suspended formalin test: a method designed for studying formalin\u2010induced behaviour in the Speke's hingeback tortoise (Kinixys spekii)","volume":"39","author":"Dahlin J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304\u20103959(96)03231\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005400170018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304\u20103959(99)00043\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539\u2010200207000\u201000029"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Demonstration of antinociceptive action of some antidepressants using models of acute nociception in mice","volume":"11","author":"Ababei DC","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicam Vet Vet Drug"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472\u20108206.1992.tb00097.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145799001637"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/ijcep.2018.5.3.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12712"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01268"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978\u2010008055232\u20103.61564\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.82.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.04.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742\u20107843.2005.pto_96696601.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12737"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2344\/0003\u20103006\u201062.1.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2006.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.82.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2016\u20100064.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12321"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21070844"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21060797"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.112.006163"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0\u201032\u2010301125\u2010X\/50027\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0\u201072\u2010160639\u20103\/50020\u20104"}],"container-title":["Fundamental &amp; Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/fcp.12867","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/fcp.12867","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/fcp.12867","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T17:23:52Z","timestamp":1692638632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/fcp.12867"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/fcp.12867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/fcp.12867","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0767-3981","1472-8206"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0767-3981","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-8206","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}