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When pathogens invade the lungs, the immune system responds by producing cytokines, chemokines, and interferons to promote the infiltration of phagocytic cells, which are essential for pathogen clearance. Their excess production causes an overactive immune response and a pathological hyper\u2010inflammatory state, which leads to ALI. Until now, there is no particular pharmaceutical treatment available for ALI despite known inflammatory mediators like neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Therefore, the primary objective of this review is to provide the clear overview on the mechanisms controlling NETs, ROS formation, and other relevant processes during the pathogenesis of ALI. In addition, we have discussed the significance of epithelial and endothelial damage indicators and several molecular signaling pathways associated with ALI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The literature review was done from Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar for ALI, NETs, ROS, inflammation, biomarkers, Toll\u2010 and nucleotide\u2010binding oligomerization domain (NOD)\u2010like receptors, alveolar damage, pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines, and epithelial\/endothelial damage alone or in combination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review summarized the main clinical signs of ALI, including the regulation and distinct function of epithelial and endothelial biomarkers, NETs, ROS, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>However, no particular drugs including vaccine for ALI has been established. Furthermore, there is a lack of validated diagnostic tools and a poor predictive rationality of current therapeutic biomarkers. Hence, extensive and precise research is required to speed up the process of drug testing and development by the application of artificial intelligence technologies, structure\u2010based drug design, <jats:italic>in\u2010silico<\/jats:italic> approaches, and drug repurposing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T06:10:50Z","timestamp":1706335850000},"page":"640-657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Role of biomarkers and molecular signaling pathways in acute lung injury"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Pakter","family":"Niri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL) Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)  Tezpur 784 001 India"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Technology University of Calcutta  Kolkata 700009 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achintya","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Technology University of Calcutta  Kolkata 700009 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subramanyam","family":"Polopalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL) Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)  Tezpur 784 001 India"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Technology University of Calcutta  Kolkata 700009 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL) Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)  Tezpur 784 001 India"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dibrugarh University  Dibrugarh 786004 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghita","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL) Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)  Tezpur 784 001 India"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Technology University of Calcutta  Kolkata 700009 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7770-6341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pronobesh","family":"Chattopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory (DRL) Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)  Tezpur 784 001 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33549\/PHYSIOLRES.934602"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2009.0775"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"The top 10 causes of deathn.d. 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