{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T04:08:47Z","timestamp":1779422927274,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Fundamemntal Clinical Pharma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Psychotropic medicines are known to impair cognitive function acutely, but the specific effects of individual substances remain underexplored. This study investigates the effects of dexamphetamine and zolpidem on cognitive performance to quantify the potential risk of intake and their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This randomized, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled trial (EudraCT 2021\u2013005381\u2009\u2212\u200917) included 60 healthy men aged 26\u2009\u00b1\u20095 (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD) years. Participants received a single oral dose of 30\u2010mg dexamphetamine, 5\u2010mg zolpidem, or placebo (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200920 per group). Cognitive performance was assessed at baseline and 3 and 8\u2009h after dosing using the computerized Psytest system.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Dexamphetamine and zolpidem improved sustained attention, with significant reduction of omissions at 8\u2009h. Reaction time improved in both groups, but zolpidem impaired phasic alertness. Working memory remained unchanged. Plasma concentration of dexamphetamine and zolpidem was 70.8\u2009\u00b1\u200910.4\u2009ng\/mL and 39.0\u2009\u00b1\u200920.7\u2009ng\/mL at 3\u2009h and 45.9\u2009\u00b1\u20097.9\u2009ng\/mL and 8.7\u2009\u00b1\u20096.6\u2009ng\/mL at 8\u2009h, respectively. No correlation between drug plasma concentration and cognitive performance measures was demonstrable. Dexamphetamine caused the strongest subjective effects and highest liking ratings, whereas zolpidem elicited greater subjective dislike. Tolerability was best with placebo, followed by zolpidem and dexamphetamine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Single therapeutic doses of dexamphetamine and zolpidem modestly affected cognitive function 3\u2009h after intake, with no relationship between cognitive performance and the study medicines' plasma concentration. Both medicines improve cognition after 8\u2009h but differed in subjective emotional effects. Nevertheless, generalizability is limited by the inclusion of healthy men only.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    EudraCT: Nr: 2021\u2013005381\u201017\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.70092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T03:45:12Z","timestamp":1778039112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of a Single Oral Dose of Dexamphetamine or Zolpidem on Attention and Reaction Time in Healthy Men"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5654-2329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Pfoser\u2010Poschacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Herz Jesu Hospital  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Bayerle\u2010Eder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine III Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Wimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Boryshchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Statistics, Center for Medical Data Science Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Gerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wolzt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Vienna  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001\u20104575(02)00153\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","volume-title":"Treatment for Stimulant Use Disorders: Updated 2021 [Internet]","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cDrug Use and Road Safety: A Policy Brief \u201d2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","unstructured":"\u201cDriving Under the Influence of Drugs Alcohol and Medicines in Europe\u2014Findings From the DRUID Project \u201d (2012) accessed September 13 2024 https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/publications\/thematic\u2010papers\/druid_en."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2022.100224"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5339\/jlghs.2015.itma.76"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102869.2008.00654.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2715"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","volume-title":"Test of Attentional Performance","author":"Zimmermann P.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1003661"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450600588881"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","unstructured":"H. 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