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Mitochondria control cellular metabolism and dynamic changes in mitochondrial function are associated with metabolic abnormalities in cardiovascular disease, cancer, and obesity. However, a lack of precise and reversible methods to control mitochondrial function has prevented moving from association to causation. Recent advances in optogenetics have addressed this challenge, and mitochondrial function can now be precisely controlled\n                    <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    using light. A class of genetically encoded, light\u2010activated membrane channels and pumps has addressed mechanistic questions that promise to provide new insights into how cellular metabolism downstream of mitochondrial function contributes to disease. Here, we highlight emerging reagents\u2014mitochondria\u2010targeted light\u2010activated cation channels or proton pumps\u2014to decrease or increase mitochondrial activity upon light exposure, a technique we refer to as mitochondrial light switches, or mt\n                    <jats:sup>SWITCH<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The mt\n                    <jats:sup>SWITCH<\/jats:sup>\n                    technique is broadly applicable, as energy availability and metabolic signaling are conserved aspects of cellular function and health. Here, we outline the use of these tools in diverse cellular models of disease. We review the molecular details of each optogenetic tool, summarize the results obtained with each, and outline best practices for using optogenetic approaches to control mitochondrial function and downstream metabolism.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T16:55:41Z","timestamp":1590598541000},"page":"4544-4556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Mitochondrial light switches: optogenetic approaches to control metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"287","author":[{"given":"Brandon J.","family":"Berry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology University of Rochester Medical Center NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7725-5349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew 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