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All of the above conditions are characterized by increased sympathetic discharge, which may exert significant detrimental effects on COVID\u201019 patients, through actions on the lungs, heart, blood vessels, kidneys, metabolism, and\/or immune system. Furthermore, COVID\u201019 may also increase sympathetic discharge, through changes in blood gases (chronic intermittent hypoxia, hyperpnea), angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme (ACE)1\/ACE2 imbalance, immune\/inflammatory factors, or emotional distress. Nevertheless, the potential role of the sympathetic nervous system has not yet been considered in the pathophysiology of COVID\u201019. 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