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Human IAVs originate from animal viruses that breached the host species barrier. IAV particles contain sialoglycan receptor\u2010binding hemagglutinin (HA) and receptor\u2010destroying neuraminidase (NA) in their envelope. When IAV crosses the species barrier, the functional balance between HA and NA needs to be adjusted to the sialoglycan repertoire of the novel host species. Relatively little is known about the role of NA in host adaptation in contrast to the extensively studied HA. NA prevents virion aggregation and facilitates release of (newly assembled) virions from cell surfaces and from decoy receptors abundantly present in mucus and cell glycocalyx. In addition to a highly conserved catalytic site, NA carries a second sialic acid\u2010binding site (2SBS). The 2SBS preferentially binds \u03b12,3\u2010linked sialic acids and enhances activity of the neighboring catalytic site by bringing\/keeping multivalent substrates in close contact with this site. In this way, the 2SBS contributes to the HA\u2010NA balance of virus particles and affects virus replication. The 2SBS is highly conserved in all NA subtypes of avian IAVs, with some notable exceptions associated with changes in the receptor\u2010binding specificity of HA and host tropism. Conservation of the 2SBS is invariably lost in human (pandemic) viruses and in several other viruses adapted to mammalian host species. 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