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A complex regulatory network is needed to preserve a population of na\u00efve cells over lifetime that exhibit sufficient diversity of antigen receptors to respond to new antigens, while also sustaining immune memory. In parallel, cells need to maintain their proliferative potential and the plasticity to differentiate into different functional lineages. Initial signs of waning immune competence emerge after 50\u2009years of age, with increasing clinical relevance in the 7th\u201310th decade of life. Morbidity and mortality from infections increase, as drastically exemplified by the current COVID\u201019 pandemic. Many vaccines, such as for the influenza virus, are poorly effective to generate protective immunity in older individuals. Age\u2010associated changes occur at the level of the T\u2010cell population as well as the functionality of its cellular constituents. The system highly relies on the self\u2010renewal of na\u00efve and memory T cells, which is robust but eventually fails. Genetic and epigenetic modifications contribute to functional differences in responsiveness and differentiation potential. To some extent, these changes arise from defective maintenance; to some, they represent successful, but not universally beneficial adaptations to the aging host. 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