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Similar inflammatory processes are observed in glaucomatous optic neuropathy, age\u2010related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, posterior uveitis, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and Parkinson\u2019s disease. In particular, human and animal studies have demonstrated the important role microglia\/macrophages play in initiating and maintaining a pro\u2010inflammatory environment in degenerative processes impacting vision. On the other hand, microglia have also been shown to have a protective role in multiple central nervous system diseases. Identifying the mechanisms underlying cell dysfunction and death is the first step toward developing novel therapeutics for these diseases impacting the central nervous system. In addition to reviewing recent key studies defining important mediators of retinal inflammation, with an emphasis on translational studies that bridge this research from bench to bedside, we also highlight a promising therapeutic class of medications, the glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 receptor agonists. 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