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For this cell\u2010to\u2010cell interaction, <jats:italic>A.\u2009oris<\/jats:italic> is known to use its sortase\u2010dependent pilus (type 2), but whether <jats:italic>S.\u2009oralis<\/jats:italic> uses its PI\u20102 (pilus islet 2) pilus is still to be determined. The PI\u20102 pilus is predicted to have a heterodimeric structure consisting of two different protein subunits with their own location and function: the tip PitA pilin for adhesion and the backbone PitB pilin for length. Thus far, structural information remains incomplete about the role of PI\u20102 pili in the mutualistic mechanism between <jats:italic>S.\u2009oralis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A.\u2009oris<\/jats:italic>. We now report on the crystal structure analysis of PitA and PitB using X\u2010ray crystallography, small\u2010angle X\u2010ray scattering, and molecular docking studies. Accordingly, we propose a structural model for the PI\u20102 pilus, wherein repeating PitB subunits are arranged head\u2010to\u2010tail to form the long backbone structure with PitA on the outer tip. By performing both <jats:italic>in\u2009vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in\u2009vivo<\/jats:italic> experiments, we examined the role played by PitA in mediating the mutualistic interaction between <jats:italic>S.\u2009oralis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A.\u2009oris<\/jats:italic>, which appears to involve the coaggregation factor CafA. We also reveal that the galactose monosaccharide is a conceivable ligand for PitA and thereby might be used to inhibit coaggregation and control oral biofilm development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Database<\/jats:title><jats:p>Structural coordinates for the PitA fragment, PitA fragment TbXO4 derivative, full\u2010length PitA, and PitB from <jats:italic>S.\u2009oralis<\/jats:italic> have been deposited at the Protein Data Bank as <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2210\/pdb7VCR\/pdb\">7VCR<\/jats:ext-link>, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2210\/pdb7W7I\/pdb\">7W7I<\/jats:ext-link>, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2210\/pdb7VCN\/pdb\">7VCN<\/jats:ext-link>, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2210\/pdb7W6B\/pdb\">7W6B<\/jats:ext-link>, and <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2210\/pdb7W7I\/pdb\">7W7I<\/jats:ext-link>, respectively. <jats:italic>Streptococcus\u2009pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> PitB coordinates have been deposited as <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2210\/pdb7F7Y\/pdb\">7F7Y<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T17:48:35Z","timestamp":1652464115000},"page":"6342-6366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["New structural insights into the <scp>PI<\/scp>\u20102 pilus from <i>Streptococcus oralis<\/i>, an early dental plaque colonizer"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"289","author":[{"given":"Rajnesh 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