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It determines the immune response and results in surprisingly diverse symptoms, even in response to similar external stimuli. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying such diverse immune responses have remained mostly elusive. The utilization of recently developed single\u2010cell multimodal analysis platforms has started to answer this question. Emerging studies have elucidated several molecular networks that may explain diversity with respect to age or other factors. An elaborate interplay between inherent physical conditions and environmental conditions has been demonstrated. Furthermore, the importance of modifications by the epigenome resulting in transcriptome variation among individuals is gradually being revealed. Accordingly, epigenomes and transcriptomes are direct indicators of the medical history and dynamic interactions with environmental factors. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) has recently become one of the most remarkable examples of the necessity of in\u2010depth analyses of diverse responses with respect to various factors to improve treatment in severe cases and to prevent viral transmission from asymptomatic carriers. In fact, determining why some patients develop serious symptoms is still a pressing issue. Here, we review the current \u201cstate of the art\u201d in single\u2010cell analytical technologies and their broad applications to healthy individuals and representative diseases, including COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T13:26:11Z","timestamp":1662729971000},"page":"819-831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Single\u2010cell analytical technologies: uncovering the mechanisms behind variations in immune responses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"291","author":[{"given":"Yukie","family":"Kashima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo  Kashiwa 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