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Cumulative evidence has suggested a link between sleep apnoea and GD. This review highlights the gut\u2013brain communication axis that is mediated via commensal microbes and various microbiota\u2010derived metabolites (e.g. short\u2010chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide and trimethyl amine <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010oxide), neurotransmitters (e.g. \u03b3\u2010aminobutyric acid, serotonin, glutamate and dopamine), immune cells and inflammatory mediators, as well as the vagus nerve and hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis. This review also discusses the pathological role underpinning GD and altered gut bacterial populations in sleep apnoea and its related comorbid conditions, particularly cognitive dysfunction. In addition, the review examines the preclinical and clinical evidence, which suggests that prebiotics and probiotics may potentially be beneficial in sleep apnoea and its comorbidities through restoration of eubiosis or gut microbial homeostasis that regulates neural, metabolic and immune responses, as well as physiological barrier integrity via the gut\u2013brain axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T14:50:02Z","timestamp":1694789402000},"page":"2519-2544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Sleep apnoea, gut dysbiosis and cognitive dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"291","author":[{"given":"Tenzin","family":"Deyang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education &amp; Research  Mysuru 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