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One of the most protective benefits is the bacterial nitrogen metabolism of gut bacteria, which reduces nitrate (NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and nitrite (NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) to ammonia or nitric oxide, preventing the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. In this study, we shed light on the gut bacterial NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    degradation, its efficacy, and the effects on the steady\u2010state NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    concentration in the human colon. Highly abundant gut bacteria that represent the most prominent phyla were analyzed for their potential to reduce NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    or NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed the greatest efficiency, which indicates a key role in the detoxification and prevention of nitrosamine formation. Species of the genera\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Phocaeicola<\/jats:italic>\n                    also contributed to NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    reduction due to their high abundance. The total activity of stool samples was about 620\u2009\u03bcmol\u2009NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , indicating that NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    concentration in the human stool should be very low. We also show that bacterial NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    reduction is necessary to allow NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010sensitive microorganisms to colonize the intestine, preventing a pathological shift in the composition of the intestinal microbiota. The results illustrate that the gut microbiota plays a central role in NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    detoxification, ensuring microbiota integrity and potentially preventing nitrosamine formation and gut\u2010associated cancers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.70299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T08:09:25Z","timestamp":1762330165000},"page":"1624-1642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Distribution and activity of nitrate and nitrite reductases in the microbiota of the human intestinal tract"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Natalie","family":"Hager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology University of Bonn  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