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The resistance of biofilms to conventional antibiotics stems from multiple factors. These include limited drug penetration and the presence of metabolically dormant bacteria that survive treatments, despite their retaining sensitivity under standard laboratory conditions. Bacteriophages (phages), the viruses that infect and kill bacteria, have emerged as promising alternatives or adjuncts to antibiotic therapy, including against bacterial biofilms. Phages, nonetheless, likely evolved to optimize especially their dissemination between spatially separated bacteria, including spatially separated biofilms, rather than to become specialists at eradicating all targeted bacteria from biofilms. By contrast, complete bacterial elimination from the body is the standard goal of antibacterial therapies. Considered here is how an understanding of these competing goals\u2014virion dissemination vs. complete bacterial eradication\u2014can inform our development of phage\u2010based anti\u2010biofilm therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.70615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T12:38:54Z","timestamp":1780922334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A guide to the ecological limitations of phage therapy of bacterial biofilms: Is what's best for the phage best for the physician?"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9151-2375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen T.","family":"Abedon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology The Ohio State University  Mansfield OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990\u20102021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050","volume":"404","author":"GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030222","article-title":"Acquired bacterial resistance to antibiotics and resistance genes: from past to future","volume":"14","author":"Galgano M","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2014.0557","article-title":"Biofilms and wounds: an overview of the evidence","volume":"4","author":"Percival SL","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020059","article-title":"Bacterial biofilm and its role in the pathogenesis of disease","volume":"9","author":"Vestby LK","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2012.129","article-title":"Biofilm: basic principles, pathophysiology, and implications for clinicians","volume":"15","author":"Hall MR","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg Infect"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60050790","article-title":"How effective is phage therapy for prosthetic joint infections? 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