{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T04:10:47Z","timestamp":1758946247801},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,6]],"date-time":"2013-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and studies in animal models have shown that \u03b14\u03b22 receptors mediate many behavioral effects of nicotine. Human genetics studies have provided support that variation in the gene that codes for the \u03b14 subunit influences nicotine dependence (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ND<\/jats:styled-content>), but the evidence for the involvement of the \u03b22 subunit gene is less convincing. In this study, we examined the genetic association between variation in the genes that code for the \u03b14 (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHRNA4<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>) and \u03b22 (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHRNB2<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>) subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and a quantitative measure of lifetime <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSM\u2010IV ND<\/jats:styled-content> symptom counts. We performed this analysis in two longitudinal family\u2010based studies focused on adolescent antisocial drug abuse: the Center on Antisocial Drug Dependence (CADD, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009313 families) and Genetics of Antisocial Drug Dependence (GADD, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009111 families). Family\u2010based association tests were used to examine associations between 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNPs<\/jats:styled-content>) in <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHRNA4<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHRNB2<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ND<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms. Symptom counts were corrected for age, sex and clinical status prior to the association analysis. Results, when the samples were combined, provided modest evidence that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNPs<\/jats:styled-content> in <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHRNA4<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic> are associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ND<\/jats:styled-content>. The minor allele at both rs1044394 (A; <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.988, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.047, unadjusted <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value) and rs1044396 (G; <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.398, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.017, unadjusted <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value) was associated with increased risk of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ND<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms. These data provide suggestive evidence that variation in the \u03b14 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor may influence <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ND<\/jats:styled-content> liability.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,26]],"date-time":"2013-01-26T12:40:36Z","timestamp":1359204036000},"page":"297-304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Nominal association with <i>CHRNA4<\/i> variants and nicotine dependence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"H. M.","family":"Kamens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. P.","family":"Corley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. B.","family":"McQueen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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