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We investigated the influence of externalizing behaviors, depressive symptoms, childhood trauma, 5\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTTLPR<\/jats:styled-content>variants on self\u2010directed aggression (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009145) in a group of 702 male Italian prisoners. Participants were comprehensively evaluated, including for psychiatric disorders, impulsive traits, lifetime aggressive behavior [Brown\u2010Goodwin Lifetime History of Aggression (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BGHA<\/jats:styled-content>)], hostility, violent behavior during incarceration, depressive symptomatology [Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDRS<\/jats:styled-content>)], childhood trauma [Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CTQ<\/jats:styled-content>)]. Logistic regression analysis showed false discovery rate corrected independent main effects of externalizing behaviors:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BGHA<\/jats:styled-content>(<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), violent behavior in jail (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007), extraversion (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015);<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDRS<\/jats:styled-content>(<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0004), Axis I disorders (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015),<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CTQ<\/jats:styled-content>(<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004) and 5\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTTLPR<\/jats:styled-content>genotype (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). Carriers of 5\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTTLPR<\/jats:styled-content>high (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>L<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>), intermediate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>L<jats:sub>G<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SL<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>) activity variants were more likely to have exhibited self\u2010directed aggression relative to the low activity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<jats:sub>G<\/jats:sub>L<jats:sub>G<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SL<jats:sub>G<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SS<\/jats:styled-content>) variant: high\/low: odds ratio (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2009=\u20092.3, 95% confidence interval (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) 1.27\u20134.68,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007; intermediate\/low:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009=\u20091.96, 95%<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>1.09\u20133.68,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025. The<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CTQ<\/jats:styled-content>main effect was driven by physical abuse. There was no interactive effect of 5\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTTLPR<\/jats:styled-content>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CTQ<\/jats:styled-content>. Secondary logistic regression analyses in (1) all suicide attempters (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200988) and (2) all self\u2010mutilators (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009104), compared with controls showed that in both groups, childhood trauma (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.008\u20130.01), depression (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0004\u20130.001) were strong predictors.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BGHA<\/jats:styled-content>, violent behavior in jail predicted self\u2010mutilation (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) but not suicide attempts (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.1). This study was able to distinguish differing influences on self\u2010directed aggression between groups of closely related predictor variables within the externalizing behavioral domain. 5\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HTTLPR<\/jats:styled-content>had an independent, variant dosage effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,10]],"date-time":"2016-04-10T17:42:12Z","timestamp":1460310132000},"page":"465-473","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Predictors for self\u2010directed aggression in Italian prisoners include externalizing behaviors, childhood trauma and the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism 5\u2010<scp>HTTLPR<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Gorodetsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH Rockville MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Carli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Molise Campobasso Italy"},{"name":"National Center for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill\u2010Health (NASP) Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Sarchiapone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Molise Campobasso Italy"},{"name":"National Institute of Health for Migration and Poverty Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center Psychiatry Service East Orange NJ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH Rockville MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.\u2010A.","family":"Enoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH Rockville MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.120253"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770100055005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1965.16.2.547"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.8.1132"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199703000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective","volume":"1","author":"Bertolote J.M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.152"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001803"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00702.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080369"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(79)90053-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046900"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852912000211"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2011.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083968"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579407000600"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852915000310"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10113"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31044","article-title":"Do 5HTTLPR and stress interact in risk for depression and suicidality? 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