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In this study, we characterized the degree of coding variation at <jats:italic>ASPM<\/jats:italic> in a large sample of chimpanzees (N\u2009=\u2009241), and examined potential associations between genotype and various measures of brain morphology. We identified and genotyped five non\u2010synonymous polymorphisms in exons 3 (V588G), 18 (Q2772K, K2796E, C2811Y) and 27 (I3427V). Using T1\u2010weighted magnetic resonance imaging of brains, we measured total brain volume, cerebral gray and white matter volume, cerebral ventricular volume, and cortical surface area in the same chimpanzees. We found a potential association between <jats:italic>ASPM<\/jats:italic> V588G genotype and cerebral ventricular volume but not with the other measures. Additionally, we found that chimpanzee, bonobo, and human lineages each independently show a signature of accelerated <jats:italic>ASPM<\/jats:italic> protein evolution. Overall, our results suggest the potential effects of <jats:italic>ASPM<\/jats:italic> variation on cerebral cortical development, and emphasize the need for further functional studies. These results are the first evidence suggesting <jats:italic>ASPM<\/jats:italic> variation might play a role in shaping natural variation in brain structure in nonhuman primates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T08:16:29Z","timestamp":1558599389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evolution of <i>ASPM<\/i> coding variation in apes and associations with brain structure in chimpanzees"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0877-0950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheel V.","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology The George Washington University  Washington District of Columbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicky","family":"Staes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology The George Washington University  Washington District of Columbia"},{"name":"Behavioural Ecology &amp; Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Conservation Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine E.","family":"Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology The George Washington University  Washington District of Columbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Schapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Bastrop Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Ely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAEBIOS  Alamogordo New Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William D.","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael E. 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