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Associated with these demands, the brains of eusocial Hymenoptera divide transcriptomic signatures associated with foraging and reproduction to different populations of cells and also show diverse astrocyte and Kenyon cell types compared with solitary non\u2010hymenopteran insects. The neural architecture of subsocial bees, which represent evolutionary antecedent states to eusocial Hymenoptera, could then show how widely this eusocial brain is conserved across aculeate Hymenoptera. Using single\u2010nucleus transcriptomics, we have created an atlas of neuron and glial cell types from the brain of a subsocial insect, the small carpenter bee (<jats:italic>Ceratina calcarata<\/jats:italic>). The proportion of <jats:italic>C. calcarata<\/jats:italic> neurons related to the metabolism of classes of neurotransmitters is similar to that of other insects, whereas astrocyte and Kenyon cell types show highly similar gene expression patterns to those of eusocial Hymenoptera. In the winter, the transcriptomic signature across the brain reflected diapause. When the bee was active in the summer, however, genes upregulated in neurons reflected foraging, while the gene expression signature of glia associated with reproductive functions. Like eusocial Hymenoptera, we conclude that neural components for foraging and reproduction in <jats:italic>C. calcarata<\/jats:italic> are compartmentalized to different parts of its brain. Cellular examination of the brains of other solitary and subsocial insects can show the extent of neurobiological conservation across levels of social complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.70007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T11:44:57Z","timestamp":1731066297000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The brain atlas of a subsocial bee reflects that of eusocial Hymenoptera"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5328-1377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin C.","family":"Pyenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology York University  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3180-9251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse 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